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Physiology > Ch 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is anything that has mass and occupies space?

A

Matter

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2
Q

What is the capacity to do work?

A

Energy

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3
Q

Describe the major energy forms

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Electrical
  3. Mechanical
  4. Radiant or electromagnetic
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4
Q

What are elements?

A

Cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

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5
Q

What are the four main elements?

A

C, H, O, N

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6
Q

What is the composition of subatomic particles?

A

Atom

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7
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles and how much do they weigh?

A
  1. Protons: 1amu
  2. Neutrons: 1amu
  3. Electrons: 1/2000amu
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8
Q

What 2 subatomic particles are equal in number?

A

Protons and neutrons

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9
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

Number of protons in nucleus

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10
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Protons+neutrons in nucleus

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11
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atomic numbers are same, however, mass number would changed because of differences in neutron number which causes structural variations in atoms

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12
Q

What is the atomic weight?

A

Average mass weight of all isotopes of an atom

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13
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

They are considered unstable and decompose to more stable forms

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14
Q

What is another term for spontaneous decay?

A

Radioactivity

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15
Q

What are molecules?

A

Two or more atoms bond together

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16
Q

What are compounds?

A

Two or more atoms bond together

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17
Q

What are the types of mixtures?

A
  1. Solutions
  2. Colloids
  3. Suspensions
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18
Q

What is it when solute particles are very tiny, don’t settle or scatter light?

A

Solution

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19
Q

What is it when solute particles are larger than a solution and scatter light; don’t settle?

A

Colloids

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20
Q

What is it when solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light?

A

Suspensions

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21
Q

Which mixtures are homogenous? Heterogenous?

A

Solution; Colloids and suspensions

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22
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Contains 8 electrons in valence shell are happy

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23
Q

What are inert elements?

A

Unreactive because they have full valence shells (noble gases)

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24
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Atoms gains or loses electrons and becomes charged

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25
Q

What is a positive ion?

A

Cation

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26
Q

What is a negative ion?

A

Anion

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27
Q

What do ionic bonds form?

A

Salts

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28
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

The sharing of two or more valence shell electrons

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29
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative atom

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30
Q

What does it mean to be nonpolar?

A

Electrons are equally shared

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31
Q

What does it mean to be polar?

A

Electrons are unequally shared where atoms are electronegative or positive

32
Q

A+B → AB

33
Q

AB → A + B

A

Decomposition

34
Q

AB+C → AC+B

35
Q

What is an Oxidation-reduction reaction?

A
  • Electron donors lose electrons and are oxidized

- Electron acceptors receive electrons and are reduced

36
Q

Explain the difference between exergonic and endergonic

A

Exergonic is the net release of energy, while endergonic is the net absorption of energy

37
Q

Which reaction is reversible?

38
Q

Which reaction is irreversible?

A

Biological

39
Q

How do chemical reaction’s rates increase?

A
  1. Increase in temperature
  2. Increase in concentration of reactant
  3. Decrease in particle size
  4. Catalysts increase rate without chemically changing the product
40
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  1. High heat capacity
  2. High heat vaporization
  3. Polar solvent properties
  4. Reactivity
  5. Cushioning
41
Q

Describe the properties of salt

A
  1. Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water
  2. Conduct electrical currents
  3. Ionic balances for homeostasis
42
Q

What are considered proton donors?

43
Q

What are considered proton acceptors?

44
Q

What is the relative free (H+) of a solution measured on a scale?

45
Q

What does it mean to be organic?

A

Contains carbon

46
Q

What are 4 main organic building blocks?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
47
Q

What is the purpose for carbohydrates?

A

Major source of cellular fuel and is a structural molecule

48
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar of pentose (ribose and deoxyribose) and hexose (glucose, fructose, and galactose) sugars

49
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

50
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch and glycogen

51
Q

What are 4 main types of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroid
  4. Eicosanoids
52
Q

Describe the structure of triglyceride

A

Bonded by 3 fatty acids and glycerol molecule

53
Q

What is the purpose for triglycerides?

A

Functions for energy storage, insulation, protection

54
Q

Describe the structure of phospholipids

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids and P

55
Q

What is the function for phospholipids?

A

Important in cell membrane structure

56
Q

Describe the structure of steroids

A

Four interlocking rings made in the adrenal cortex and activated in the kidneys

57
Q

Describe the structure of eicosanoids

A

Derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell

58
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

59
Q

What is the purpose for lipoproteins?

A

Transporting fats in blood

60
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

Water-insoluable and stable

Provide mechanical support and tensile strength

61
Q

Examples of fibrous proteins

A

Keratin, Elastin, and Collagen

62
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

Compact, water-soluable and sensitive to environmental changes

63
Q

Example of globular proteins

A

Antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, enzymes

64
Q

What causes denaturization?

A

Decrease in pH or increased temperature

65
Q

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

66
Q

Describe the primary structure of protein

A

Amino acids bound by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain

67
Q

Describe the secondary structure of protein

A

Formation of alpha helices and beta sheet stabilized by H bonds

68
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of protein

A

Formation of compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds

69
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of protein

A

Multiple tertiary structure combining to form a functional protein

70
Q

What are functions for chaperones?

A
  • Prevents incorrect folding
  • Assist translocation of proteins and ions across membranes
  • Promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
  • Triggers immune response
71
Q

What are stress proteins?

A

Molecular chaperones produced in response to stressful stimuli

72
Q

Describe enzyme action.

A

Biological catalysts that lower the activation energy, increasing the speed of a reaction

73
Q

What are considered purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

74
Q

What are considered pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymine

75
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Provides instructions for protein synthesis and replicates before cell division ensuring genetic continuity

76
Q

Describe the process of phosphorylation

A
  • Terminal phosphates are transferred to and energize other molecules
  • Perform cellular work using phosphate bond energy

Physiology (22 decks)

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