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Physiology > Ch 5: Skin > Flashcards

Ch 5: Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

- Superficial region

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2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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3
Q

Describe the stratum basale layer

A

Deepest layer containing occasional melanocytes and dendritic cells

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4
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum layer

A

Keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells.

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5
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Where keratinization begins and full of lamellar granules

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6
Q

Describe the the stratum lucidum layer

A

Only present in thick skin, rows of dead keratinocytes

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7
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Most superficial and flat membranous sacs filled with keratin

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8
Q

Describe the dermis layer

A

Strong, flexible connective fibers that containt nerve, blood, and lymph

Place where follicles, oils, and sweat glands reside

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9
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis called?

A
  1. Papillary

2. Reticular

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10
Q

What is the purpose for dermal papillae?

A

Superficial peglike projections that contain free nerve ending providing grip and sense of touch

Pattern is the fingerprint

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11
Q

What is the layer of the dermis that consists of areolar connective tissue with collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels?

A

Papillary layer

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12
Q

What are the touch receptors of the dermal paella called?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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13
Q

What is the layer of dense fibrous connective tissue consisting 80% of the dermal thickness?

A

Reticular layer

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14
Q

What is the skin marking that is formed by collagen fibers that run parallel to skin surface?

A

Cleavage markings

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15
Q

What is the skin markings where dermal folds at or near joints?

A

Flexture lines

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16
Q

What are silvery white scars labeled as stretch marks known as?

A

Striae

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17
Q

What are fluid-filled pockets that separates epidermal and demal layers called?

A

Blisters

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18
Q

List the the cells that contribute to the skin?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Dendritic (Langerhans cells)
  4. Tactile (Merkel) cells
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19
Q

What are keratinocytes comprised of?

A

Keratin

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20
Q

How are keratinocytes connected?

A

Desmosomes

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21
Q

What are melanocytes comprised of?

A

Melanin packaged into melanosomes

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22
Q

What is the purpose of melanocytes?

A

Protection against UV damage

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23
Q

Describe the purpose of apoptosis

A
  1. Controlled cellular suicide
  2. Nucleus and organelles break down
  3. Plasma membrane thickens
  4. Cells slough off as dandruff and dander
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24
Q

What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
    3 Hemoglobin
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25
Q

What kind of pigment is melanin and what does it achieve?

A

Reddish-yellow to browinsh-black pigment that produces melanocytes providing UV protection

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26
Q

What kind of pigment is carotene and what does it achieve?

A

Yellow orange pigment that convert to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health

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27
Q

What color pigment is hemoglobin?

A

Pinkish hue

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28
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells

A

Macrophages: key activators of immune response

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29
Q

What is the function of tactile cells?

A

Sensory touch receptors

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30
Q

What happens in cyanosis?

A

Blue skin color from low oxygenation of hemoglobin

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31
Q

What happens in erythema?

A

Redness from fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies

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32
Q

What happens in pallor?

A

Blanching from low blood pressure, anemia, fear, anger

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33
Q

What happens in jaundice?

A

Yellow from liver disorder

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34
Q

What happens in bronzing?

A

Inadequate steroid hormones from Addison’s disease

35
Q

What happens in bruising?

A

Clotted blood beneath the skin

36
Q

What is hair comprised of?

A

Dead keratinized cells

37
Q

What are functions for hair?

A
  1. Warn of trauma

2. Heat loss

38
Q

Explain the pigmentations of hair?

A
  1. Melanin in yellow, rust, brown, black
  2. Trichosiderin in red
  3. Gray/white in decreased melanin production
39
Q

What are the 3 components of hair follicles?

A
  • Hair bulb
  • Arrector pili
  • Hair papilla
40
Q

What is a hair bulb?

A

Contains the sensory nerve ending and hair matrix

41
Q

What is the function of arrector pili?

A

Smooth muscle attached to follicle responsible for goosebumps

42
Q

What is hair papilla?

A

The dermal tissue that porvides hair hair follicles with blood

43
Q

What are the two types of hair?

A
  • Vellus hair

- Terminal hair

44
Q

What is the difference between vellus and terminal hair?

A

Vellus: Pale, fine body haoir of children and females (peach fuzz)
Terminal: Coarse, long hair of eyeborows, face, head, axillary, and pubic regions

45
Q

What factors would effect hair growth?

A
  1. Nutrition

2. Hormones

46
Q

What is the difference between alopecia and true baldness?

A
  • Alopecia: hair thinning from old age

- True (frank) baldness: sex and geneticlly determined

47
Q

How does male pattern baldness happen?

A

Caused by the follicular response to DHT

48
Q

What are the structural properties of nails?

A
  1. Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
  2. Protective cover for distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes
  3. Hard keratin
  4. Nail matrix supports nail growth
49
Q

What is another name for sweat glands

A

Sudoriferous glands

50
Q

What are the 2 main types of sweat glands?

A
  1. Eccrine

2. Apocrine

51
Q

Describe the eccrine sweat glands’ structure and function

A
  1. Palms, soles, and forehead
  2. Ducts are connected to pores
  3. Function in thermoregulation
52
Q

Describe the apocrine sweat glands’ structure and function

A
  1. Prominent in the axillary and anogenital areas
  2. Sweat is from fatty substances and proteins
  3. Ducts empty into hari follicles
53
Q

What are ceruminaous glands?

A

Modified apocrine glands that secrete cerumen in the external ear canal

54
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Modified apocrine glands that secret milk

55
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

Develop from and secrete sebum in hair follicles

56
Q

What is sebum for?

A
  1. Bactericidal

2. Softens hair and skin

57
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Body temperature regulation
  3. Cutaneous sensation
  4. Metabolic functions
  5. Blood reservoir
  6. Excretion
58
Q

How does the skin provide chemical protection?

A
  1. Low pH retards bacterial multiplication
  2. Sebum and defensins kill bacteria
  3. Melanin provides defense against UV radiation damage
59
Q

How does the skin provide physical protection?

A

Keratin and glycolipids block most mater and water soluable substances

60
Q

What are examples of substances with limited penetration of skin?

A
  • Lipid-soluble substances.
  • Plant oleoresins (e.g., Poison ivy).
  • Organic solvents.
  • Salts of heavy metals.
  • Some drugs.
61
Q

How does the skin provide biological protection?

A
  1. Dendritic cells of epidermis and macrophages in dermis present foreign antigens to WBC
  2. DNA absorbs UV radiation and converts into heat
62
Q

How is body temperature regulated under different conditions?

A
  1. Normal: 500mL/day of insensible perspiration
  2. Elevated: Dilation of dermal vessels and increased sensible precipitation
  3. Cold: Dermal vessels the constrict and skin temperature drops to slow passive heat loss
63
Q

Why is cutaneous sensation important?

A

Receptors detect temperature, touch, and pain

64
Q

What are the 2 exteroceptors?

A

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

65
Q

What is the difference between Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles and Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles?

A

Tactile detects sensations of touch

Lamellar detects sensations of deep pressure

66
Q

What are the different metabolic functions the skin provides?

A

Synthesis of vitamin D precursor and collagenase converting carcinogens and activating hormones

67
Q

What are the risk factors than may cause skin cancer?

A
  1. Overexposure to UV radiation

2. Frequent irritation of skin

68
Q

What are the three major types of skin cancers?

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
69
Q

Describe the conditions of basal cell carcinoma

A
  1. Least malignant and most common

2. Stratum basalle proliferates and invades the dermis and hypodermis

70
Q

Describe the conditions of squamous cell carcinoma

A
  1. Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
  2. Scaly reddened papule on face and head
  3. Does not metastasize
  4. Treated by radiation or surgery
71
Q

Describe the conditions of melanoma

A
  1. Cancer of melanocytes
  2. Most dangerous
  3. Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
  4. Treated by surgery and immunotherapy
72
Q

Explain the ABCD rule

A
  1. Asymmetry: two sides of the pigmented area does not match
  2. Border irregularity: exibits indentations
  3. Color: contains black, brown, tan, red, or blue
  4. Diameter: larger than 6mm
73
Q

Explain why serious burns are life threatening.

A

Susceptible to immediate risks of dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

74
Q

Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from a burn?

A

Rule of nines

75
Q

What are the totals for the rule of nines?

A
  1. Anterior and posterior head and neck: 9%
  2. Anterior and posterior upper limbs: 18%
  3. Anterior and posterior trunk: 36%
  4. Perineum: 1%
  5. Anterior and posterior lower limbs: 36%
76
Q

What defines a burn as 1st degree?

A
  • Epidermal damage only

- Localized redness, edema, and pain

77
Q

What defines a burn as 2nd degree?

A
  • Epidermal and upper derminal damage

- Blistering

78
Q

What defines a burn as 3rd degree?

A
  • Entire thickness of skin is damages
  • Skin is gray-white, cherry-red, or blackened
  • Not painful or swollen
  • Skin grafting is neccessary
79
Q

What are to measurements of deemed a burn as critical?

A
  1. More than 25% of body has 2nd degree burns
  2. More than 10% of body has 3rd degree burns
  3. Face, hands, or feet bear 3rd degree burns
80
Q

What are some treatments for burns?

A
  1. Debridement
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Temporary covering
  4. Skin grafts
81
Q

What is debridement?

A

The removal of burned skin

82
Q

What are the developmental aspects of infancy to adulthood?

A
  1. Lanugo coat
  2. Skin thickens
  3. Sweat and oil grands increase activity
  4. Scaling and dermatitis
83
Q

What are the characteristics of aging skin?

A
  1. Epidermal replacement slows
  2. Subcutaneous fat and elasticity decreases
  3. Increased risk of cancer
  4. Hair thinning
84
Q

What are some methods of delaying the aging of skin?

A
  1. UV protection
  2. Good nutrition
  3. Ingesting lots of fluids
  4. Good hygiene

Physiology (22 decks)

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