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Malady > Ch. 7 Fire > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Fire Flashcards

0
Q

Study of substance that contain carbon.

A

Organic Chemistry

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1
Q

Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon (C), but may contain the element hydrogen (H).

A

Inorganic Chemistry

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3
Q

Gasoline, plastics, synthetic fabrics, pesticides, and fertilizers. Not flammable and will not burn because they do not contain carbon. Are not and have never been alive.

A

Inorganic Substances

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4
Q

Metals, minerals, glass, pure water, and air. These products are manufactured from gas and oil, which are the remains of plants and animals. Flammable and will burn.

A

Organic Substances

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5
Q

All living things, whether plants or animals, contain ______.

A

Carbon

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6
Q

Why is it important to for an esthetician to study chemistry?

A
  1. To be able to use professional products effectively and safely as every product in a salon and spa contains some type of chemical.
  2. To learn how to layer products in services and know how the skin may react with products and services.
  3. To troubleshoot and solve common problems that may be encountered with esthetic services.
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7
Q

The simplest form of matter; cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity.

A

Element

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8
Q

Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).

A

Matter

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9
Q

Each _________ is identified by a letter or symbol, such as O for oxygen, C for carbon, H for hydrogen, N for Nitrogen, and S for sulfur.

A

Element

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10
Q

Solid, liquid, and gas.

A

States of matter

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11
Q

Ice, brushes, chair, are examples of a _________. Rigid fixed shape and volume.

A

Solid

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12
Q

Water, cleansers, serums, are examples of _______. Definite volume but takes shape of container.

A

Liquids

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13
Q

Steams/vapor, propane, ozone, are examples of _______. No fixed volume or shape; takes shape and volume of container.

A

Gases

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14
Q

The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element that still retains the properties of that element. The particles from which all matter is composed.

A

Atoms

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15
Q

_______ consist of smaller particles; protons, which have a positive electrical charge; neutrons, with a neutral charge; and electrons, with a negative charge. The number of protons in an _______ equals the number of neutrons.

A

Atoms

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16
Q

Physical properties (of matter) are characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of a substance. Physical properties of matter include?

A

Color, odor, weight, density, specific gravity, melting point, boiling point, and hardness.

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17
Q

The addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen, creates a chemical change in the identity of the substance. To combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen. (ie; iron changed to rust, wood to ash)

A

Oxidation

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18
Q

A ______ ______is a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substance. Solid ice undergoes a _____ _____ when it melts into liquid water.

A

Physical Change

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19
Q

A ______ ______ is a change in the chemical composition of a substance, in which a new substance or substances are formed having properties different from the original. (Iron into rust, wood into ash), oxidation is an example of a chemical reaction that causes a _____ _____. (sugar in grapes is chemically converted into ethyl alcohol)

A

Chemical Change/reaction

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20
Q

Ranging from 0-14. 0 being most acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being most alkaline.

A

pH Scale

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21
Q

How much more alkaline is 9 than 7?

A

Multiply by 10’s. So the answer would be 10x10=100

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22
Q

Substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, and turn litmus paper from blue to red. The lower the pH number, the greater the degree of ______.

A

Acids, Acidity

23
Q

Alkalis, also known as ______, have a pH above 7.0, taste bitter, and turn litmus paper from red to blue. The higher the pH number, the greater the degree of alkalinity. A pH of 7 is a neutral solution.

A

Bases

24
Q

A method of displaying data in multiples of 10. The pH scale, a change of one whole number represents a tenfold change in pH. A pH of 9 is 100 times more alkaline than a pH of 7. (Multiply by 10’s, 10x10=100)

A

Logarithmic Scale

25
Q

Occur when an acid is mixed with an alkali, also called a base, in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H2O) and a salt.

A

Acid-alkali neutralization reaction

26
Q

Also known as redox, is a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized. An oxidizing agent is a substance that release oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an example of an oxidizing agent and can be thought of as water with an extra atom of oxygen.

A

Oxidation-reduction

A reduction is the subtracting of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen. The chemical reaction is called redox reaction.

27
Q

Why are acid-alkali neutralization reactions and oxidation-reduction important for estheticians to know?

A

They explain how skin care products work

28
Q

Rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.

A

Combustion

29
Q

What cosmetic ingredient is most commonly used?

A

O/W Emulsions

30
Q

Gaseous mixture that makes up the Earth’s atmosphere. It is odorless, colorless, and generally consists of about 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume. It also contains a small amount of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and organic matter, which are all essential to plant and animal life.

A

Air

31
Q

The separation of an atom or molecule into positive or negative ions.

A

Ionization

32
Q

An ion with a negative electrical charge

A

Anion

33
Q

An ion with a positive electrical charge

A

Cation

34
Q

A uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible (mixable) substances.

A

Solutions

35
Q

Any substance that is dissolved by a solvent to form a solution.

A

Solute

36
Q

Any substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.

A

Solvent

37
Q

Liquids that are mutually soluble are capable of being mixed; meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions. Examples of this are water and alcohol.

A

Miscible

38
Q

Liquids that are not mutually soluble, not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions. Water and oil are examples of this.

A

Immiscible

39
Q

Easily absorbs moisture; in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving).

A

Hydrophilic (head)

40
Q

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fats and oils (oil-loving).

A

Lipophilic (tail)

41
Q

Is formed by joining tow or more atoms chemically.

A

Molecules

42
Q

Contains two or more atoms of the SAME element that are united chemically. Oxygen and Ozone are examples.

A

Elemental Molecules

43
Q

Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements that are united chemically. An example would be sodium chloride (NaCl) which is common table salt and water (H2O).

A

Compound Molecules also know as Compounds

44
Q

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance. Color, odor, weight, density, specific gravity, melting point, boiling point, and hardness.

A

Physical properties

45
Q

Characteristics that can be determined only with the substance. Rusting iron and burning wood are examples.

A

Chemical Properties

46
Q

Colorless, gaseous element. It makes up about four-fifths of the air in our atmosphere and is found chiefly in the form of ammonia and nitrates.

A

Nitrogen (N)

47
Q

Gaseous mixture that makes up the Earth’s atmosphere. It is odorless, colorless, and generally consists of about 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume. It also contains a small amount of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and organic matter, which are all essential to plant and animal life.

A

Air

48
Q

The most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75% of the Earth’s surface and about 65% of the human body. Seldom pure. Natural spring water contains dissolved minerals, bacteria, and other substances. All cells require water to live, and even dying cells in the upper layer of the skin contain water.

A

Water

49
Q

Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen, is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and slightly acid taste. Used in hair coloring developers and antiseptics.

A

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

50
Q

Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic, and hydroxide ion (OH-) is alkaline. pH is only possible because of this ionization of water. Only products that contain water can have a pH.

In pure (distilled) water, each water molecule that ionizes produces one hydrogen ion and one hydroxide ion. Pure water has a neutral pH because it contains the same number of hydrogen ions as hydroxide ions. Equal balance 50% acid, 50% alkaline.

As acidity increases, alkalinity decreases. The opposite is also true; as alkalinity increases, acidity decreases.

A

Water and pH

51
Q

Used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause products to turn rancid and decompose. They are vitamins such as A, C, and E, which can be applied topically in products or taken internally to increase healthy body function. Prevent oxidation by neutralizing free radicals.

A

Antioxidants

52
Q

Super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new ____ _____ in the process. Because they are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen) ____ _____ are unstable. If left alone they will create inflammation, damage DNA, and eventually cause disease and death.

A

Free Radicals

53
Q

Droplets of oil are dispersed in water. The droplets of oil (micelles) are surrounded by surfactants with their “tails” (lipophilic ends) pointing in and their “heads” (hydrophilic ends) pointing out. Examples; moisturizing and cleansing lotions.

A

Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsions

*Salons and spas primarily use O/W emulsions.

54
Q

Droplets of water are dispersed in oil. The droplets of water (inverse micelles are surrounded by surfactants with their “heads” (hydrophilic ends) pointing in ad their “tails” (lipophilic ends) pointing out. ___ contain a smaller amounts of water and a greater amount of oil. ___ emulsions are heavier, greasier, and more water resistant than ___ emulsions because the oil is in the external phase. Examples; cleansing creams, cold creams, night creams, massage creams, baby creams, suntan lotions, and hair-grooming creams.

A

Water-in-oil (W/O) Emulsions

Malady (21 decks)

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