anatomy and physiology Flashcards
The study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures.
Physiology
The Study of the human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
Anatomy
Also know as microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure and composition of tissue.
Histology
Protective covering on the body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands.
Epithelial Tissue
Physical foundation of the body, composed of 206 bones, and are connected by movable and immovable joints.
Skeletal System
Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions.
Nerve Tissue
Uppermost and largest bone of the arm. Extending from elbow to shoulder.
Humerus
Corrugator Muscle
Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
Removes toxic products of digestion.
Liver
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.
Endocrine System
The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails.
Integumentary System
Top side bones of face.
Parietal Bone
Characterized by elongated cells that generate movement by shortening or contracting in a forcible manner.
Muscle Tissue
Affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek.
Zygomatic
The study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
Biology
A specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.
Adipose Tissue
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body.
Muscular Tissue
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products.
Kidneys
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by removing toxic waste products of digestion.
Liver
A saclike enlargement of the alimentary canal, as in humans and certain animals, forming an organ for storing, diluting, and digesting food.
Stomach
The lower part of the alimentary canal from the end of the stomach to the anus.
Intestines
Also known as shoulder blade; one of a pair of large, flat triangular bone of the shoulder.
Scapula
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.
Humerus
Also known as collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula.
Clavicle
Also known as breastbone; the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs.
Sternum
The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found in any other part of the body.
Cardiac Muscle
Also known as involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles; function automatically, without conscious will.
Non-striated Muscle
Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
Corrugator Muscle
Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip.
Platysma
Muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head. Nodding motion.
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
One of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing).
Temporalis Muscle
Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.
Obicularis Oris
Muscles surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.
Levatator Labii Superioris; Also known as quadratu labii superioris
Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning.
Risorius
A muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.
Levatator Anguli Oris; Also known as caninus
Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem; this term is Latin for “little brain.”
Cerebellum
Located in the uppermost part of the midbrain; consists of two main parts the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
Diencephalon
Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front, upper part of the cranium.
Cerebrum
Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth.
Buccal Nerve
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face; also, nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.
Mandibular Nerve
Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
Cervical Nerves
Also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It consists of three branches.
Fifth Cranial Nerve
Also known as facial nerve; it is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.
Seventh Cranial Nerve
Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium.
Parietal Bones
The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.
Integumentary System
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.
Endocrine System
Also known as malar bones or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks; the cheekbones.
Zygomatic Bones
Two bones that form the hard pallet of the mouth.
Palatine Bones
Form the upper jaw.
Maxillary Bones
Flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.
Vomer Bone
Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
Nasal Bones
Thin layers of spongy bones on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression.
Turbinal Bones
Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back.
Latissimus Dorsi
Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
Deltoid
Large triangular muscles extending over the back of the neck and shoulders and moving the head and shoulder blade.
Trapezius
Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
Pectoralis Major & Minor
Muscle of the Chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm.
Serratus Anterior
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, they separate the fingers.
Abductor
Colorless, jellylike substance in cells; contains food elements such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.
Protoplasm
Center of an atom, where protons and neurons are located. The central part,core. Plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism.
Nucleus
_______ is all the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus; the water fluid containing food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair.
Cytoplasm
Cells dividing into two new cells (daughter cells); the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissue.
Mitosis
- Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. 2. The process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy. Two parts: anabolism and catabolism.
Metabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Anabolism
The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion. Energy is stored.
Catabolism
Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Tissue
Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
Nerves
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples; bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat.
Connective Tissue
Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions in plants and animals.
Organs
Also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
Circulatory System
Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means.
Digestion
Also called the gastrointestinal system; responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes; consists of the mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands and other organs.
Digestive System
The human head contains this many bones.
22 bones
The cranium is an oval, bony case that protests the brain and is formed by this many bones.
8 bones
The face consists of this many bones
14 bones including the maxilla (upper jaw) and the mandible (lower jaw).
The hindmost bone of the skull; it forms the back of the skull above the nape. Thinnest bone in skull.
The occipital bone
Bones that form the sides and crown of the cranium.
The two parietal bones
Bone that forms the forehead.
The frontal bone
Bones that form the sides of the head in the ear region.
The two temporal bones
The light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.
The ethmoid bone
The bone that joins all the bones of the cranium together.
The sphenoid bone
Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
The two nasal bones
The smallest and most fragile bones of the face, are situated at the front inside part of the eye socket.
The two lacrimal bones
Know as malar bones or cheekbones, form the prominence of the cheeks, or cheekbones.
The two zygomatic bones
Bones that forms the upper jaw.
The two maxillary bones
Forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face.
The mandible
The thin layers of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression.
The two turbinal bones (also referred to as turbinate bones)
The flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.
The vomer bone
The bones that form the hard palate of the mouth.
The two palatine bones
Also known as occipitofrontalis; the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.
Epicranius
Study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.
Myology
Origin, insertion, and belly.
Three parts of a muscle
Also known as skeletal or voluntary muscles; attached to the bones and make up a large percentage of body mass; controlled by will.
Striated muscle
Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
Frontalis
One of the muscles that coordinate with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as the chewing muscle.
Masseter
Ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid.
Orbicularis oculi
Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip.
Platysma
Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
Deltoid
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.
Biceps
Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.
Triceps
Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.
Supinator (bowl of soup)
Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.
Pronators
Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.
Extensors
Muscles that draw a body part, such as fingers, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the and, they separate the fingers.
Abductors
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, they draw the fingers together.
Adductors
Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist.
Flexors
Also known as external maxillary artery; supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and nose.
Facial Artery
Massage, electrical therapy current, light rays (infrared, LED, ultraviolet radiation), heat rays, moist heat, nerve impulses, and chemicals are all things that can stimulate what?
Muscle
What are favorable conditions for mitosis?
Favorable conditions include adequate supply of food, oxygen, and water; suitable temperatures; and the ability to eliminate waste products.
The _______ is the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. Plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. Yolk of a raw egg.
Nucleus
Within the nucleus of a cell is the _______, which is a fluid that contains proteins and a very important acid know as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Nucleoplasm
_________ is all the protoplasm of a cell except that found in the nucleus. This watery fluid contains the food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self repair.
Cytoplasm
The ________ is the part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter an leave. (The egg lining).
Cell membrane
Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Circulatory System, Lymphatic/Immune System, Endocrine System, Digestive System, Excretory System, Respiratory System, Integumentary System, and Reproductive System.
11 Systems of the body
Brain, Eyes, Heart, Kidneys, Lungs, Liver, Skin, Stomach, Intestines.
9 Organs of the body
Controls the body.
Brain
Control the body’s vision.
Eyes
Circulates the blood.
Heart
Excrete water and waste products.
Kidneys
Supply oxygen to the blood.
Lungs
Removes waste created by digestion.
Liver
External protective coating that covers the body.
Skin
Digests food, along with the intestines.
Stomach
Digests food, along with the stomach.
Intestines
Controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of he heart and blood vessels.
Circulatory System
Protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing toxins and bacteria.
Lymphatic/Immunes System
Covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue; also contracts and moves various parts of the body; consists of muscle.
Muscular System
Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions; consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Nervous System
Purifies the body by elimination of waste matter; consists of kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, and lungs.
Excretory System
Enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as waste produce; consists of lungs and air passages.
Respiratory System
Performs the function of reproducing and perpetuation the human race.
Reproductive System
Place where two bones are joined together but where little or no movement is normally possible and where no joint cavity exists. Examples include the skull, joints in the pelvis, joints between the teeth, and the mandible and maxilla. Another name is synarthrosis which means immovable.
Immovable Joints
Most common type of joint in the human body, and freely moving ones are found wherever movement is important. Known as synovial joints because each contains synovial fluid which is a liquid to help decrease friction when joint moves. There are many kind such as hinge joints and saddle joints.
Movable Joints
Nutritive fluid circulating throughout the circulatory system and is considered connective tissue. There are 8 to 10 pints in the human body, accounting for about one-twentieth of the body’s weight. Approximately 83% water. It is sticky and salty, with a normal temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Bright red in arteries and dark red in veins.
Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretion to all cells of the body.
It carries away carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestines.
Helps to equalize the body’s temperature, thus protecting the body from extreme heat and cold.
It aids in protecting the body for harmful bacteria and infections through the action of the white blood cells.
It closes injured minute blood vessels by forming clots, thus preventing blood loss.
Composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.
Blood
Carries oxygenated blood away from heart throughout the body and back to the heart.
Systemic Circulation
These produce a substance that travels through small, tube-like ducts.
Exocrine Glands
