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Ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacillus anthracis is ?

A

Large, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium (boxcar-like)
Arranged as single rods, paired rods, or long chains

Spore formation observed in cultures but not in clinical specimens
Non-motile, non-hemolytic colonies

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

تتكون ال Bacillus anthracis من capsule مما تتكون ؟

A

Poly-D-glutamic acid

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4
Q

ما وظيفة ال capsule ؟

A

prevents phagocytosis ، disrupt immune response and cause systemic damage

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5
Q

ال كبسول الموجودة في Bacillus anthracis تتميز ب ؟

A

polypeptide, antiphagocytic, immunogenic

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6
Q

Protective Antigen (PA) is ?

A

Binds to host cell receptors
and facilitates toxin entry. Highly immunogenic, basis
of vaccine development

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7
Q

Edema Factor (EF) is ?

A

Adenylate cyclase activity leads
to increased cAMP levels and edema (fluid
accumulation)

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8
Q

Lethal Factor (LF) is ?

A

Zinc-dependent protease induces
cytokine release and immune dysregulation, disrupts
MAP kinase pathways, causing cell death

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9
Q

Cutaneous anthrax is ?

A

Begins as a painless papule → papule with vesicles
(malignant pustules) → central necrosis (eschar) with
erythematous border often with painful regional
lymphadenopathy; fever in 50%
20% mortality if untreated

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10
Q

Pulmonary (woolsorter’s disease) is?

A

Initial flu-like
symptoms, life-threatening pneumonia; cough, fever,
malaise, and ultimately facial edema, dyspnea,
diaphoresis, cyanosis, and shock with mediastinal
hemorrhagic lymphadenitis

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11
Q

GI anthrax is ?

A

edema and blockage of GI tract
can occur, vomiting and bloody diarrhea, Near 100%
mortality

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12
Q

كيف يكون الدماغ في Haemorrhagic meningitis ؟

A

dark-red extensive haemorrhaging
beneath the lining of the skull

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13
Q

كيف يتم تشخيص الكبسول الموجودة في ال Anthrax ؟

A

India ink or DFA

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14
Q

لتأكد من تشخيص ال Anthrax يتم استخدام ؟

A

PCR and gamma phage

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15
Q

ال Mediastinal widening هي ميزة ل ؟

A

Anthrax

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16
Q

Empiric treatment to Anthrax is ?

A

Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline

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17
Q

Alternative drugs to Anthrax is ?

A

Rifampin, Vancomycin, Clindamycin

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18
Q

Bacillus cereus Culture is ?

A

Hemolytic colonies on blood agar

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19
Q

What is the treatment of Bacillus cereus ?

A

Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacin

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20
Q

أعطيني أنواع من ال BACILLUS تسبب تسمم غذائي

A

Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis and Bacillus licheniformis + B. cereus.

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21
Q

أعطيني أنواع من BACILLUS لا تسبب سم ؟

A

Bacillus polymyxa

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22
Q

أعطيني أنواع من BACILLUS تتحمل الحرارة ؟

A

stearothermophilus

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23
Q

هل تستخدم ال Clostridium tetani السكر في تغذيتها ؟

A

لا

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24
Q

Clostridium tetani is a

A

Gram-positive

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25
Tetanolysin is ?
An oxygen-labile hemolysin
26
Tetanospasmin is ?
A potent neurotoxin responsible for clinical manifestations
27
Heavy chain (B) is ?
Binds to motor neuron receptors
28
Light chain (A) is ?
29
Zinc endopeptidase that cleaves proteins regulating neurotransmitter release
30
Blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters like ?
glycine, GABA
31
lockjaw is
due to masseter muscle involvement
32
Risus sardonicus
sustained facial muscle contraction
33
Opisthotonos
back spasms
34
What is the Symptoms of Tetanus ?
▪ Trismus (lockjaw) due to masseter muscle involvement. ▪ Risus sardonicus (sustained facial muscle contraction). ▪ Opisthotonos (back spasms). ▪ Autonomic dysfunction (arrhythmias, sweating, BP fluctuations).
35
Localized Tetanus is ?
Confined muscle contractions near infection site
36
Cephalic Tetanus is ?
▪ Primary infection in the head. ▪ Poor prognosis
37
Neonatal Tetanus is ?
▪ Infection via umbilical stump. ▪ High mortality (>90%) and severe developmental defects
38
What is the treatment of Tetanus ?
Metronidazole or penicillin (Metronidazole preferred due to GABA inhibition concerns).
39
Clostridium botulinum Distinguishing Features ?
▪ Large, fastidious, spore-forming, anaerobic rods. ▪ Divided into four groups based on genetic/phenotypic properties. ▪ Produces seven antigenically distinct toxins (A-G). ▪ Human disease mainly caused by types A, B, E, and F
40
Five forms of botulism is ?
Foodborne Infant botulism Wound botulism Inhalation botulism Iatrogenic botulism
41
تعيش ال spores of Clostridium botulinum في ال ؟
soil and dust
42
ماذا تحتاج ال Clostridium botulinum لكي تنمو ؟
moist, warm, nutritious but nonacidic and anaerobic conditions
43
Foodborne Botulism Symptoms is ?
❖ Blurred vision, dilated pupils. ❖ Dry mouth, constipation, abdominal pain. ❖ Flaccid paralysis leading to respiratory failure. ❖ Clear mental status maintained
44
Infant Botulism Symptoms is ?
❖ Weak cry, constipation, difficulty feeding. ❖ Hypotonia (floppy baby syndrome). ❖ Progressive respiratory distress
45
Hypotonia is ?
floppy baby syndrome
46
في حالة التسمم عن ال Adult من وين ينوخذ عينة للتأكد من السم ؟
Suspected food
47
48
في حالة التسمم عن ال infant من وين ينوخذ عينة للتأكد من السم ؟
Stool or serum
49
Wound botulism is ?
▪ Similar to foodborne botulism. ▪ Longer incubation period )≥ 4 days(. ▪ Minimal GI symptoms.
50
Inhalation botulism is ?
▪ Rapid onset with high mortality. ▪ Concern for bioterrorism.
51
Iatrogenic botulism is ?
▪ Results from excessive botulinum toxin injection. ▪ Symptoms similar to other forms of botulism. ▪ Typically associated with cosmetic or medical treatments
52
Diagnosis of Foodborne is ?
Toxin detection in food, serum, feces, or gastric fluid
53
Diagnosis of Infant botulism is ?
Toxin detection in feces or serum
54
55
Diagnosis of Wound botulism is ?
Toxin detection in serum/wound culture
56
شو العلاج في حالة Neutralizes unbound toxin.؟
Neutralizes unbound toxin.
57
What is the Antibiotics of Clostridium botulinum ?
Metronidazole or Penicillin
58
شو بعمل ال Alpha Toxin [Lecithinase (Phospholipase C)]
Lyses RBCs, WBCs, platelets, endothelial cells ▪ Hemolysis, increased vascular permeability, tissue destruction ▪ Hepatic toxicity, myocardial dysfunction
59
Beta Toxin Causes?
intestinal stasis, necrotic lesions, necrotizing enteritis
60
من الذي ينشط ال Epsilon Toxin ؟
trypsin
61
Epsilon Toxin cause ?
Increases vascular permeability in the GI wall
62
Iota Toxin Causes ?
Necrotic activity & vascular permeability
63
Clostridial Enterotoxin Released during ?
sporulation in alkaline conditions of the small intestine
64
Clostridial Enterotoxin Produced mainly by ?
Type A strains
65
Clostridial Enterotoxin Binds to ?
brush border receptors in the ileum and jejunum
66
Clostridial Enterotoxin Alters membrane permeabilitycausing ?
fluid & electrolyte loss
67
Clostridial Enterotoxin Acts as a superantigen, stimulating ?
T-cell activation
68
Type A strains Found in ?
human and animal intestines, soil, water
69
70
Types B-E Found mainly in ?
animal intestines
71
Major diseases caused by Type A ?
▪ Soft-tissue infections ▪ Necrotizing enteritis ▪ Septicemia ▪ Food poisoning
72
Soft-Tissue Infections is ?
Cellulitis , Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene)
73
Cellulitis is ?
❖ Gas formation in tissues ❖ Can progress to fasciitis (suppurative myositis)
74
Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene) is ?
❖ Most commonly caused by C. perfringens ❖ Rapid onset (within a week of trauma/surgery) ❖ Intense pain → Muscle necrosis → Shock → Renal failure → Death (within 48 hours) ❖ Gas production due to bacterial metabolism ❖ Gram stain: Abundant rods, NO leukocytes (due to toxin-mediated WBC lysis
75
Symptoms of Necrotizing Enteritis is ?
❖ Acute abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal ulceration ❖ Intestinal perforation → Peritonitis, septic shock
76
Necrotizing Enteritis causes by ?
Beta toxin from Type C strains
77
شو البكتيريا يلي بتعمل Food Poisoning وتكون أعراضه Abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea No fever, nausea, or vomiting ؟
C. perfringens
78
ما سبب ال Food Poisoning التي تسببه C. perfringens ؟
•Ingestion of contaminated meat (beef, poultry, gravy) •Spores survive cooking, germinate when food is held at <60°C
79
هل تحتوي ال C. perfringens على WBCs ؟
لا
80
أين تتم زراعة ال C. perfringens ؟
-hemolysis on blood agar egg yolk agar plate
81
من الذي يمنع نشاط ال lecithinase ؟
antitoxin
82
شو علاج ال Soft-Tissue Infections ؟
▪ Surgical debridement ▪ High-dose penicillin ▪ Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (mixed results) ▪ High mortality (40-100%
83
شو علاج ال Food Poisoning ؟
▪ Oral rehydration ▪ IV fluids in severe cases ▪ No antibiotics (self-limiting
84
شو علاج ال Necrotizing Enteritis ؟
▪ Aggressive antibiotic therapy ▪ Supportive care
85
Soft-Tissue Infections
▪ Nontraumatic myonecrosis (muscle tissue death without prior injury) ▪ Occult colon cancer ▪ Acute leukemia ▪ Diabetes
86
Food Poisoning
▪ Oral rehydration ▪ IV fluids in severe cases ▪ No antibiotics (self-limiting
87
Clostridium septicum diseases is ?
▪ Nontraumatic myonecrosis (muscle tissue death without prior injury) ▪ Occult colon cancer ▪ Acute leukemia ▪ Diabetes
88
Clostridium septicum Pathogenesis is ?
Spreading into tissue Gas production Rapid proliferation
89
Spreading into tissue is ?
when bowel mucosa is compromised
90
Gas production is ?
Leads to tissue destruction
91
Rapid proliferation is ?
Infection progresses quickly, often with fatal results
92
Neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) is ?
This similar life-threatening syndrome develops in the cecum of neutropenic patients (eg, those with leukemia or receiving cancer chemotherapy). It may be associated with sepsis
93
Fulminant onset is ?
Rapid onset with death within 1-2 days post-infection
94
Fatal toxic shock syndrome. Associated with ?
▪ Natural childbirth. ▪ Medically induced abortions
95
Clostridium Tertium Common in ?
▪ Soil samples. ▪ Traumatic wounds
96
Clostridium Tertium is ?
Grows on aerobic media: Misleading appearance of gram-negative bacteria
97
Clostridioides difficile is ?
Part of normal gut flora in some healthy individuals
98
Major risk factors of Clostridioides difficile ?
▪ Antibiotic use (disrupts normal gut microbiota) ▪ Healthcare exposure (hospitals, nursing homes) ▪ Immunocompromised state (elderly, chemotherapy patients) ▪ Can occur in the community (not just in hospitals
99
Toxin A (Enterotoxin) is ?
❖ Attracts neutrophils → Inflammation & cytokine release ❖ Disrupts intestinal tight junctions → Increased permeability & diarrhea
100
Toxin B (Cytotoxin) is ?
❖ Depolymerizes actin → Cellular cytoskeleton destruction ❖ Synergistic interaction with Toxin A → Severe tissue damage
101
Clostridioides difficile Most common cause of antibiotic-associated GI diseases is ?
▪ Mild diarrhea (self-limiting) ▪ Severe colitis ▪ Pseudomembranous colitis (life-threatening, inflammation of the colon)
102
Hypervirulent Strain is ?
▪ Increased toxin production ▪ High mortality rate ▪ Increased risk of relapse & complications
103
What is the Treatment in Mild cases (Clostridioides difficile) ?
clindamycin, cephalosporins, amoxicillin, ampicillin and fluoroquinolones
104
What is the Treatment in Severe cases (Clostridioides difficile) ?
▪ Metronidazole (first-line for mild/moderate) ▪ Vancomycin (for severe disease) ▪ Fidaxomicin (newer option, reduces relapse
105
ما هي الأعراض الرئيسية ل Clostridioides difficile ؟
• Explosive, foul-smelling watery diarrhoea, which may contain blood and or mucus • Abdominal pain and fever due to the toxins causing fluid loss from the gut and cell damage • Dehydration which can be severe due to fluid loss
106

ميدكال (15 decks)

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