Ch 16 Flashcards by Dania Wajdi

Genus Yersinia includes
important human pathogens is

▪ Y. pestis
▪ Y. enterocolitica
▪ Y. pseudotuberculosis

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Yersinia pestis Distinguishing Features is ?

▪ Small gram-negative rods with bipolar staining
▪ Facultative intracellular parasite
Potential biowarfare agent

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Coagulase positive bacteria is ?

Yersinia pestis

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Yersinia pestis Transmission by ?

Rodents flea bite
Respiratory droplets

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Urban Plague is ?

Rats (controlled in most
regions)

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Sylvatic Plague is ?

Squirrels, rabbits, cats,
prairie dogs, chipmunks (persists in western
U.S)

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يحتوي ال mouth parts of flea على ؟

Coagulase

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Pathogenic Yersinia species resist phagocytic killing
via Type III Secretion System (T3SS):

YopH
YopJ/P
YopE

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YopJ/P is ?

Triggers apoptosis in macrophages

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YopE is ?

Induces cytotoxicity by disrupting actin
filaments

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YopH is ?

Inhibits phagocytosis.

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Y. pestis virulence factors is ?

F1 gene
Pla gene
Serum resistance and iron absorption mechanisms
enhance survival.

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F1 gene is ?

Encodes antiphagocytic capsule.

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Pla gene is ?

Produces plasminogen activator
protease, degrading C3b and C5a.

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Bubonic Plague Symptoms is

rapidly increasing fever, painful bubo
(groin/axilla), bacteremia (Septecemic plague) and
death (Black Death)

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Pneumonic Plague Symptoms is ?

Rapid pulmonary involvement, highly
infectious via aerosols Hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea

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Yersinia pestis Diagnosis is ?

➢ Clinical specimens and cultures are hazardous
➢ Serodiagnosis or direct immunofluorescence
➢ “Safety pin” staining on blood stain (Wright or Wayson)

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Y. enterocolitica Causes enterocolitis symptoms?

diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain Pseudoappendicitis

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Y. pseudotuberculosis symptoms is ?

May cause septicemia, arthritis, abscesses, hepatitis, osteomyelitis

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Pasteurella characters is ?

Small, facultatively anaerobic, fermentative coccobacilli
Produces a polysaccharide capsule composed of hyaluronic acid
Commonly found in the oropharynx of healthy animals

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Important Species of Pasteurella is ?

P. multocida
P. canis

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most common Pasteurella human pathogen is ?

P. multocida

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Pasteurella Transmission is ?

animal bites, scratches shared food.

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Localized Cellulitis and Lymphadenitis
Occurs after ?

animal bites or scratches

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Localized Cellulitis and Lymphadenitis caused by ?

P. multocida (cats, dogs), P. canis (dogs)

Exacerbation of Chronic Respiratory Disease In patients with underlying ?

lung conditions

Systemic Infections Occurs in ?

immunocompromised individuals. Particularly those with hepatic disease

Pasteurella Clinical Manifestations is ?

Localized Cellulitis and Lymphadenitis Exacerbation of Chronic Respiratory Disease Systemic Infections

Pasteurella Laboratory Diagnosis is ?

Grows well on blood and chocolate agars Poor growth on MacConkey agar and other selective gram-negative media

Pasteurella Colonies appear ?

appear large, buttery, with a characteristic musty odor

Pasteurella Antibiotic is ?

Penicillin

Francisella tularensis is ?

gram-negative coccobacillus , Small , Nonmotile, has a thin lipid capsule , Strictly aerobic

Francisella tularensis Intracellular pathogen is ?

replicates in macrophages, neutrophils, epithelial, and endothelial cells

Francisella Subspecies is ?

Type A Type B F. mediaasiatica

Type A is ?

F. tularensis subsp. tularensis

Type B is ?

F. tularensis subsp. holarctica

Rarely pathogenic Francisella is ?

F. mediaasiatica

Francisella Opportunistic Pathogens is ?

F. novicida and F. philomiragia

Francisella Transmission by ?

▪ Arthropod vectors (ticks, deerflies) ▪ Contact with infected animals (rabbits, rodents, cats) ▪ Inhalation of infectious aerosols ▪ Ingestion of contaminated food/water

موسم ال Francisella ؟

Summer

Francisella Uses secretion systems to ?

escape phagosome and replicate in cytosol.

Polysaccharide capsule in Francisella protects from

complement-mediated killing

Francisella tularensis Clinical Manifestations is ?

Ulceroglandular tularemia Oculoglandular tularemia Glandular tularemia Typhoidal tularemia Pneumonic tularemia Oropharyngeal & gastrointestinal tularemia

Ulceroglandular tularemia is ?

Most common form, ulcer at site of infection + lymphadenopathy.

Oculoglandular tularemia is ?

Conjunctivitis with regional lymphadenopathy

Glandular tularemia is ?

Lymphadenopathy without skin ulcer.

Typhoidal tularemia is ?

Septicemia, high mortality.

Pneumonic tularemia is ?

Inhalation-based infection, severe pneumonia.

Oropharyngeal & gastrointestinal tularemia is ?

After ingestion of bacteria.

Francisella tularensis Diagnosis is ?

Difficult to detect in Gram-stained smears

لحتى تنمو ال Francisella tularensis تحتاج ان يكون في ال Ager ؟

cysteine

Prevention and Control from Francisella tularensis ?

➢ Avoid handling wild rabbits and rodents. ➢ Use insect repellents, wear protective clothing in endemic areas. ➢ Prompt removal of attached ticks. ➢ Laboratory precautions: Work in biohazard hoods, wear gloves. ➢ Vaccine under development but not currently available

Francisella tularensis be Highly infectious via ?

aerosol inhalation. Can cause severe pneumonia and septicemia.

هل هناك Vaccine ل Francisella tularensis ؟

not currently available

Non-sporing anaerobes is ?

Anaerobic Gram-negative rods are important bacteria found on mucosal surfaces

Bacteroides fragilis is the ?

most clinically significant species

من أنواع ال Non-sporing anaerobes ؟

Porphyromonas (small rods), Prevotella (small rods), and Fusobacterium (elongated rods).

Bacteroides growth in ?

Bile stimulates

Bacteroides LPS has little to no ?

endotoxin activity

Fimbriae aid in?

adhesion to epithelial cells and extracellular molecules

Polysaccharide capsule prevents

phagocytosis

Short-chain fatty acids inhibit

phagocytosis and intracellular killing

proteases Mack ?

degrade immunoglobulins

هل تحتوي ال Bacteroides على catalase and superoxide؟

نعم

Respiratory Infections Common in ?

chronic sinusitis, ear infections, and periodontal infections

Respiratory Infections symptoms is ?

Common in chronic sinusitis, ear infections, and periodontal infections.

Brain Abscess Often associated with ?

chronic sinusitis or otitis.

Brain Abscess Caused by ?

Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and anaerobic cocci

Intraabdominal Infections caused by ?

B. fragilis. B. thetaiotaomicron, P. melaninogenica

Gynecologic Infections include ?

vaginitis, PID, abscesses, and endometritis

Gynecologic Infections caused by ?

Prevotella bivia, P. disiens, and B. fragilis

Gynecologic Infections symptoms is ?

Infections include vaginitis, PID, abscesses, and endometritis.

Gynecologic Infections causes by ?

Prevotella bivia, P. disiens, and B. fragilis

في أي اجزاء من ال respiratory يكون ؟

Lower respiratory infections typically result from aspiration of oral secretions.

Brain Abscess Often associated with ?

chronic sinusitis or otitis

Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections Can progress to severe disease like ?

myonecrosis

Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections caused by?

B. fragilis

Bacteremia caused by ?

B. fragilis

Gastroenteritis Caused by ?

enterotoxin-producing B. fragilis.

Gastroenteritis symptoms is ?

watery diarrhea, mainly

Clindamycin resistance is common in?

Bacteroides

Brain Abscess Caused by ?

Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and anaerobic cocci.

Intraabdominal Infections Caused by ?

B. fragilis , B. thetaiotaomicron, P. melaninogenica

Pneumonic Plague Symptoms is ?

Rapid pulmonary involvement, highly infectious via aerosols Hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea