Ch 6. Physiology of Nutrient Metabolism Flashcards
what is metabolism
all physical and chemical reactions in the body that convert energy
what does the liver change all simple sugars into
glucose
what are the stages of the digestive process
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- utilization
what is the utilization stage
the final stage in digestion process where the nutrient molecules are transported to the appropriate locations to be used or stored
what is the absorption stage
the 3rd stage in the digestion process where its the movement of the molecules across the lining of the small intestine into the blood stream
how much cholesterol does the liver produce in the body
80%
what do baroreceptors do
detect blood pressure
to restore homeostasis, signals will be sent to the ___ if/when imbalances in blood chemicals or blood pressure are detected
hypothalamus
what hormones does the pancreas secrete to regulate blood sugar
glucagon and insulin
which hormone is responsible for removing glucose from the blood stream
insulin
what are the two parts of nutrient metabolism
Anabolsim & Catabolism
what is anabolism
part of nutrient metabolism that synthesis of all compounds needed by the cel
what is catabolism
part of nutrient metabolism that breakdowns the molecules for energy
T/F: as a personal trainer, you should give specific advice to your clients regarding portion sizes and individualized meal plan
false
if there is an over abundance of glucose to be stored as a result of ingesting too many simple sugars, where is it stored
fat cells
why would the liver not be able to provide glucose for the blood
over-exertive exercises
extreme fasting/dieting
liver disease or failure
T/F: If glucagon reaches the liver and for some reason the liver cannot provide glucose for the blood, a sequence of events occurs that results in the repair and reconstruction of blood proteins and organ and muscle tissue to get the needed glucose energy.
False
when is the optimal time for ingesting simple sugar
immediately following an intense workout
what type of fiber is not digestible
insoluble
what type of fiber is digestible
soluble
At least how many grams of carbohydrates should be ingested daily, by the average healthy adult, to spare amino acids, proteins and other energy reserves from being converted and used for energy?
156 grams
what is the only usable form of simple sugar in the body
glucose
in the absence of ____ during intense aerobic activity, muscle tissue will be _____ to provide for the balance of the energy needed to keep up with demand
glucose; cannibalized
what is a method for avoiding the occurrence of cannibalism of intracellular proteins in the working muscles during intense resistance exercise
eat protein regularly and ingest an easily absorbable carbohydrate about 15 minutes before workouts
T/F: during periods of inactivity, Insulin Receptor Sites become less responsive
True
what are a few factors that one can struggle with when unable to loose weight
heredity factors
over-consumption of junk food
what are ingested fats broken down into
triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterols
what are chylomicrons
the packaged form of broken down fats that provides for fat transport to adipose tissue or liver
what enzyme acts on protein in the stomach
pepsin
how many grams of protein can be assimilated in 3-4 hours
20
what can an amino acid enter the metabolic process as
pyruvate or acetyl CoA
if the duration of intense exercise is too great, _______ are depleted and must be replaced immediately, this replenishment takes precedence over tissue repair
catalysts
what are proteins broken down into
amino acids
what is the only usable form of simple sugar in the body and the brains only source of energy
glucose
what is gluconeogenesis
process by which the liver converts proteins and body tissue into glucose for energy
what are some functions of the live
- produces substance that breaks down fats
- makes certain amino acids
- converts glucose to glycogen
what is the basic function of amino acids once taken up by muscle cells
protein synthesis
what is protein synthesis
the repairing and building of new tissue
one gram of carbohydrate has a caloric value of
4 calories
one gram of fat has a caloric value of
9 calories
one gram of protein has a caloric value of
4 calories
