Ch 4. Skeletal Muscle: Structure & Function

Question 1

what type of muscle tissue has rhythmic contractions controlled by the central nervous system

Answer 1

cardiac

Question 2

which type of muscle tissue maintains the flow of fluids and food along its structures

Answer 2

smooth

Question 3

what type of muscle tissue aids in locomotion movement

Answer 3

skeletal

Question 4

during what rep range does Myofibril failure occur

Answer 4

4-6 rep range

Question 5

what are myofibrils

Answer 5

bundles of protein filaments that contain contractile elements for strength and performance of muscles

Question 6

what makes up myofibrils

Answer 6

actin and myosin

Question 7

what is actin and myosin

Answer 7

two protein molecules in muscles mainly involved in muscle contraction

Question 8

the greater the oxygen taken up by the muscle during resistance exercise, the slower the use of _______.

Answer 8

stored muscle glycogen

Question 9

which type of muscle can maintain a slow, involuntary contraction for long periods

Answer 9

smooth muscle

Question 10

which type of muscle is capable of slow or fast voluntary contractions

Answer 10

skeletal muscle

Question 11

intermediate failure occurs to what type of muscle fiber

Answer 11

red, fast twitch

Question 12

approximately what percentage of the cells in your body are muscle tissue cells

Answer 12

60%

Question 13

during what rep range does mitochondrial failure occure

Answer 13

20-25

Question 14

what is the cause of mitochondrial contractile failure

Answer 14

depleted energy stores and an excessive accumulation of lactic acid

Question 15

what is the smallest unit of a chemical compound

Answer 15

molecule

Question 16

what is the molecular size progression from smallest to largest

Answer 16

molecule
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
(Mary Organizes Cell Towers Over On Oliver)

Question 17

T/F: different muscles of the same group may have more than one origin but they will share a common insertion

Answer 17

true

Question 18

resistance exercise and a healthy diet will promote the body’s use of ____ to provide fatty acids and glycerol to replete the exhausted muscle stores

Answer 18

adipose tissue

Question 19

which muscle fiber component is the functional unites of skeletal muscle occurring in repeating segments along the myofibril

Answer 19

sarcomeres

Question 20

which muscle fiber component is the viscous material that encloses individual fibers

Answer 20

sarcoplasm

Question 21

which muscle fiber component releases calcium ions during muscle contraction and absorbs them during relaxation

Answer 21

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

which muscle fiber component is the membrane that myofibrils are wrapped in

Answer 22

sarcolemma

Question 23

to optimize the fat conversion effects of resistance training, perform:

Answer 23

high rep, low intensity, long duration using compound movements

Question 24

what is a contraindication to exercise when referring to resistance exercise and weight management

Answer 24

recent myocardial infarction, complete heart block, extreme muscle soreness, joint pain, ect.

Question 25

what is a motor unit made up of

Answer 25

one motor neuron, its axon and muscle fibers that are of the same type

Question 26

what happens to a motor unit when it is activated

Answer 26

all of its fibers contract

Question 27

what does the mitochondria do

Answer 27

produce energy needed for daily activity and recovery

Question 28

an individual muscle fiber, or _____, is the actual cell found in the muscle tissue

Answer 28

myocyte

Question 29

where are free ribosomes found

Answer 29

floating inside cell cytoplasm

Question 30

where are membrane bound ribosomes found

Answer 30

rough sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 31

ribosomes are

Answer 31

protein builders

Question 32

the mitochondira produces energy aerobically in the form of what

Answer 32

ATP

Question 33

what is ATP and how is it used

Answer 33

source of energy use and storage. used during contractions as well as for daily activity and recover of energy needs

Question 34

what is Dynamic Constant External Resistance (DCER)

Answer 34

resistance training where joint flexion and extension occur with each repetition & resistance does not change (typical DB, BB, BW exercises)

Question 35

what is Dynamic Variable External Resistance (DVER)

Answer 35

external resistance is variable (can be seen when movement changes radius)

Question 36

what is isotonic concentric contraction

Answer 36

shortening of the length of the muscle occurs when lifting a given load. "positive lifting" where weight/tension stay constant and speed & number or reps can vary

Question 37

all fiber types have:

Answer 37

exactly the same internal components, but of varying numbers and sizes

Question 38

what decides muscle fiber types

Answer 38

how powerful/strong motor neuron impulse is

Question 39

what type of motor neuron impulse is given to a fast twitch motor unit

Answer 39

strong, more efficient impulse

Question 40

T/F: white, slow twitch fibers have a much larger number of mitochondria by comparison to the other types allowing for a much longer duration of contraction

Answer 40

false: RED/FAST twitch fibers have more mitochondria allowing for longer contraction duration

Question 41

what fiber type has very few mitochondria, restricting the duration of its contraction

Answer 41

white, fast twitch

Question 42

what is the order of motor unit recruitment in a high rep set?

Answer 42

red, slow (Type I) red, fast (Type IIa) white, fast (Type IIb)

Question 43

what motor unit is known to have the greatest potential for growth

Answer 43

white, fast twitch

Question 44

what does depleting energy recruitment result in

Answer 44

increased muscle energy storage, but minimizes the involvement and growth of the white, fast twitch motor units

Question 45

what is ballistic training

Answer 45

"power training" or "Olympic style lifting athlete lifts, accelerates, and then immediately releases the weight, rather than slowing lowering it. forcing the recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers

Question 46

what is Contractile Speed Recruitment

Answer 46

type of motor unit recruitment that requires a maximum contraction against a sub-maximal resistance, and forcing the recruitment of fast twitch fibers (seen when performing olympic style lifting)

Question 47

what is Proprioceptive Neural Facilitation (PNF)

Answer 47

PNF is a stretching teqnique that uses the reflexive relaxation reaction of the antagonist muscle/s during the contraction

Question 48

what is the Golgi Tendon Organ and what is its role in muscle contraction

Answer 48

GTO is a sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibers of a tendon. GTO protects against too much contractile force by shutting down the muscle contraction just short of injury

Question 49

is "The Pump" food for size and strength increase

Answer 49

No because it inhibits contractions causing premature failure

Question 50

what are white, fast twitch motor unites responsible for

Answer 50

short-term energy

Question 51

what is the optimum rep range to use for mitochondrial failure

Answer 51

20-25

Question 52

what is muscle energy production in the absence of oxygen called

Answer 52

anaerobic

Question 53

what is muscle energy production in the presence of oxygen called

Answer 53

aerobic