Ch 4. Skeletal Muscle: Structure & Function Flashcards
what type of muscle tissue has rhythmic contractions controlled by the central nervous system
cardiac
which type of muscle tissue maintains the flow of fluids and food along its structures
smooth
what type of muscle tissue aids in locomotion movement
skeletal
during what rep range does Myofibril failure occur
4-6 rep range
what are myofibrils
bundles of protein filaments that contain contractile elements for strength and performance of muscles
what makes up myofibrils
actin and myosin
what is actin and myosin
two protein molecules in muscles mainly involved in muscle contraction
the greater the oxygen taken up by the muscle during resistance exercise, the slower the use of _______.
stored muscle glycogen
which type of muscle can maintain a slow, involuntary contraction for long periods
smooth muscle
which type of muscle is capable of slow or fast voluntary contractions
skeletal muscle
intermediate failure occurs to what type of muscle fiber
red, fast twitch
approximately what percentage of the cells in your body are muscle tissue cells
60%
during what rep range does mitochondrial failure occure
20-25
what is the cause of mitochondrial contractile failure
depleted energy stores and an excessive accumulation of lactic acid
what is the smallest unit of a chemical compound
molecule
what is the molecular size progression from smallest to largest
molecule
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
(Mary Organizes Cell Towers Over On Oliver)
T/F: different muscles of the same group may have more than one origin but they will share a common insertion
true
resistance exercise and a healthy diet will promote the body’s use of ____ to provide fatty acids and glycerol to replete the exhausted muscle stores
adipose tissue
which muscle fiber component is the functional unites of skeletal muscle occurring in repeating segments along the myofibril
sarcomeres
which muscle fiber component is the viscous material that encloses individual fibers
sarcoplasm
which muscle fiber component releases calcium ions during muscle contraction and absorbs them during relaxation
sarcoplasmic reticulum
which muscle fiber component is the membrane that myofibrils are wrapped in
sarcolemma
to optimize the fat conversion effects of resistance training, perform:
high rep, low intensity, long duration using compound movements
what is a contraindication to exercise when referring to resistance exercise and weight management
recent myocardial infarction, complete heart block, extreme muscle soreness, joint pain, ect.
what is a motor unit made up of
one motor neuron, its axon and muscle fibers that are of the same type
what happens to a motor unit when it is activated
all of its fibers contract
what does the mitochondria do
produce energy needed for daily activity and recovery
an individual muscle fiber, or _____, is the actual cell found in the muscle tissue
myocyte
where are free ribosomes found
floating inside cell cytoplasm
where are membrane bound ribosomes found
rough sarcoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes are
protein builders
the mitochondira produces energy aerobically in the form of what
ATP
what is ATP and how is it used
source of energy use and storage. used during contractions as well as for daily activity and recover of energy needs
what is Dynamic Constant External Resistance (DCER)
resistance training where joint flexion and extension occur with each repetition & resistance does not change
(typical DB, BB, BW exercises)
what is Dynamic Variable External Resistance (DVER)
external resistance is variable (can be seen when movement changes radius)
what is isotonic concentric contraction
shortening of the length of the muscle occurs when lifting a given load.
“positive lifting” where weight/tension stay constant and speed & number or reps can vary
all fiber types have:
exactly the same internal components, but of varying numbers and sizes
what decides muscle fiber types
how powerful/strong motor neuron impulse is
what type of motor neuron impulse is given to a fast twitch motor unit
strong, more efficient impulse
T/F: white, slow twitch fibers have a much larger number of mitochondria by comparison to the other types allowing for a much longer duration of contraction
false: RED/FAST twitch fibers have more mitochondria allowing for longer contraction duration
what fiber type has very few mitochondria, restricting the duration of its contraction
white, fast twitch
what is the order of motor unit recruitment in a high rep set?
red, slow (Type I)
red, fast (Type IIa)
white, fast (Type IIb)
what motor unit is known to have the greatest potential for growth
white, fast twitch
what does depleting energy recruitment result in
increased muscle energy storage, but minimizes the involvement and growth of the white, fast twitch motor units
what is ballistic training
“power training” or “Olympic style lifting
athlete lifts, accelerates, and then immediately releases the weight, rather than slowing lowering it. forcing the recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers
what is Contractile Speed Recruitment
type of motor unit recruitment that requires a maximum contraction against a sub-maximal resistance, and forcing the recruitment of fast twitch fibers (seen when performing olympic style lifting)
what is Proprioceptive Neural Facilitation (PNF)
PNF is a stretching teqnique that uses the reflexive relaxation reaction of the antagonist muscle/s during the contraction
what is the Golgi Tendon Organ and what is its role in muscle contraction
GTO is a sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibers of a tendon.
GTO protects against too much contractile force by shutting down the muscle contraction just short of injury
is “The Pump” food for size and strength increase
No because it inhibits contractions causing premature failure
what are white, fast twitch motor unites responsible for
short-term energy
what is the optimum rep range to use for mitochondrial failure
20-25
what is muscle energy production in the absence of oxygen called
anaerobic
what is muscle energy production in the presence of oxygen called
aerobic
