Ch 3. Anatomical Terms and Biomechanics Flashcards
what occurs in an isometric contraction
no movement takes place due to the load on the muscle is greater than the generated tension
what occurs in an isokinetic contraction
the muscle contracts and shortens at a constant rate of speed and allows the muscle to gain strength evenly all through the ROM
what occurs in an isotonic contraction
“simple contraction” movement occurs because the load on the muscle is less than the generated tension.
HAS TWO TYPES
Concentric (isotonic) Contraction
muscle belly shortens in length and the angle at the joint decreases
“positive” part of contraction
Eccentric (isotonic) contraction
muscle belly increases in length and the angle at the joint increases
“negative” part of contraction
what are the two types of isotonic contraction
concentric and eccentric
what is internal rotation
movement of body part towards the axis/center of body
what is external rotation
movement of body part away from axis/center of body
what is hyperextension
extension beyond normal limits, over extended
what is hypotension
extension that is less than normal, under-extended
what is gliding
movement of non-angular joint over each other
what is deviation
departure from the midline
what is plantarflexion
pointing foot downward
what is dorsiflexion
pointing foot up towards the shin
describe the saggital plane
vertical plane
DIVIDES: left and right sides
MOTION: flexion/extension
describe frontal plane
(also called coronal plane)
vertical plane
DIVIDES: front and back
MOTION: abduction/adduction
describe transverse plane
horizontal plane
DIVIDES: inferior and superior parts
MOTION: internal/external rotation
what bones make up axial skeleton
trunk or center of body (includes skull)
what bones make up appendicular skeleton
limbs and upper/lower extermities
what are the 3 structural classifications of joints and describe them
- Ligamentous - immovable
- Cartilaginous - slightly moveable
- Synovial - highly moveable
what type of joint is a shoulder joint
ball and socket, synovial joint
what type of joint is a knee joint
hinge, synovial joint
what type of joint is a wrist joint
condyloid, synovial joint
what type of joint is an ankle joint
hinge, synovial joint
what type of joint is an elbow joint
pivot, synovial joint
ligaments are ____ elastic than tendons and are _____ prone to tearing than tendons
ligaments are LESS elastic than tendons and are MORE prone to tearing than tendons
what are the 4 major skeletal muscles
- agonist/ prime movers
- antagonists
- synergists
- fixators
what is the responsibility of an agonist/ prime mover muscle
contract to create the ROM in a joint, primarily responsible for the movement
what is the responsibility of an antagonists muscle
return a limb to its original place, they oppose the movement of the agonist
what is the responsibility of a synergist muscle
(sometimes called neutralizers)
neutralize the extra motion from the agonist, they provide balance for the working muscle while making sure the force of the movement is acceptable for the desired plane
what is the responsibility of the fixator muscle
(sometimes called stabilizers)
provide stabilization to support the rest of the body during the movement
the triceps are ___ to biceps
antagonist
the quadratus lumborum stabilizes the spine in what plane
ALL PLANES
saggital, frontal, and transverse
what is the torque of the internal and external obliques on the trunk
they rotate the trunk
which exercises are best for the quads
lunges, squats, and leg press
which exercises are best for hamstrings
stiff leg deadlift, leg curl, reverse lunges
what is the main function of the rectus abdominis
flexion
what muscles make up the hamstrings lateral to medial
Superficial: bicep femoris, semimembranosus
Deep: semitendonosus
what torque does the gluteus maximus have on the hip
extension
what muscles make up the quadraceps
superficially: rectus femoris
deep: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, & vastus intermedius
what muscle crosses the hip joint and the knee
rectus femoris
what is the correct anatomical term for: the pectoralis major muscle
anterior
what is the correct anatomical term for: the sternum to the humerus
medial
what is the correct anatomical term for: the rhomboid muscles
posterior
what is the correct anatomical term for: the arms to the chest
lateral
what is the correct anatomical term for: the ankle to the hip
distal
what is the correct anatomical term for: the humerus to the ulna
superior
bilateral is describing
both sides of the body
peripheral is describing
toward the extremities
unilateral is describing
one side of the body
what plane of motion is a squat performed in
sagittal plane
what plane of motion is a side bend performed in
frontal plane
what plane of motion is rotation at the waist performed in
transverse plane
what is the antagonist muscle of Pectorals
Latissimus Dorsi
what is the antagoinist of anterior deltoids
posterior deltoids
if your clients knees cave in during a squat/bending, what might this indicate
tight adductors and weak glutes
what indicator woukd tell you that your client may have tight or weak hip muscles
external rotation of a single leg
describe a sesamoid bone
where tendon passes over joint
EXAMPLES: joint bones in hands, knee, and feet
describe an irregular bone
odd-shaped bones that don’t fit in a category. mainly function as point of attachment for muscles and protection for nervous system
EXAMPLES: vertabrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible
describe short bones
located in parts of skeleton intended for strength and compactness. limited movement but provide stability and support
EXAMPLES: carpals and tarsals
what are the adductor muscles
located on the medial side of the thigh, act functionally on the hip, bringing legs across the midline of the body
in what plane of motion do the arms move in a bench press
transverse
