CH 6 Consciousness (QUESTIONS)

Question 1

What are the brain mechanisms responsible for consciousness?

Answer 1

Consciousness is not found in one area of the brain; it is distributed, but some structures are more important than the others

Question 2

_________ of consciousness reflects a ________ capacity to _________ process information both _________ and _________

Answer 2

1. Stream
2. Limited
3. Consciously
4. Externally
5. Internally

Question 3

What does consciousness force us to do?

Answer 3

Choose what we pay attention to

Question 4

What is the gatekeeper of consciousness? Why is it important?

Answer 4

Attention

Important as it determines what you choose to pay attention to and not (what you become conscious of, helping you ignore uninformative information)

Question 5

What is ______ becomes consciousness. These are referred to as _______ memories

Answer 5

1. Attended
2. Explicit

Question 6

What do the mechanisms of isolation aphasia suggest?

Answer 6

Tells us there’s an interpreting mechanism related to consciousness; voice in our head (narrator) explains our behaviour and the event/details within our environment (left hemisphere)

Question 7

What does blindsight suggest about the functions of consciousness?

Answer 7

Suggests that consciousness is not required for visual processing and other bodily mechanisms

Question 8

About ___% of population are highly hypnotizable

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

Being highly hypnotizable is weakly related with..?

Answer 9

The capacity to suspend reality and become involved in imaginative activities

Question 10

Those who are able to be hypnotized generally have a…?

Answer 10

Positive attitude towards hypnosis

Question 11

What are the observed effects of hypnosis?

Answer 11

1. Anesthesia (can be hypnotized to be anesthetized)
2. Sensory distortions & Hallucinations
3. Disinhibition (can’t control what you’re doing)
4. Posthypnotic suggestions & Amnesia (forget what you’re doing in a hypnotized state)

Question 12

What is hypnosis effective for? (2)

Answer 12

Pain control and therapy for replacing memories (overcoming phobias)

Question 13

What is hypnosis not effective for (1,1)

Answer 13

Memory enhancement

• No evidence for enhancing memory; only retrieving distorted memories

Question 14

What are the 2 theories for hypnosis?

Answer 14

1. Social roleplaying
2. Altered state of consciousness

Question 15

What brain waves are used when we are awake?

Answer 15

Beta: high freq, low amplitude

Question 16

What brain waves are used when we are drowzy/relaxed?

Answer 16

Alpha: med freq, med amplitude

Question 17

Describe stages of sleep & the activity of waves during it

Answer 17

1. light sleep (S1 & S2): theta, low freq, med amplitude
2. deep sleep (S3 & S4): delta, low freq, high amplitude
3. awake and alert: ⇧ frequency, ⇩ amplitude
4. deep sleep: ⇩ frequency, ⇧ amplitude
5. rapid eye movement (REM) ⇨ dreaming
   high frequency, low amplitude

Question 18

What is the purpose of sleep?

Answer 18

Sleep acts to reduce stimulation of the brain

• Restorative (protein synthesis)
• Integrate new memories with the old
• Emotional regulation

Question 19

What is the sleep cycle controlled by?

Answer 19

BRAC (basic rest-activity cycle) (hind-brain)

Question 20

When does increased stimulation in the brain occur while sleeping? Why?

Answer 20

REM; stage when most dreaming appears to occur

Question 21

Describe the psychodynamic (Freud) take on dream origins, and the psychological & physiological explanation for sleep (3)

Answer 21

1. Dreams: Reveal our unconscious wishes and desires
2. Psychological: Unconscious (latent) content in more important than the manifested (consciousness)
3. Physiological: No explanation

Question 22

Describe the psychodynamic (Jung) take on dream origins, and the psychological & physiological explanation for sleep (3)

Answer 22

1. Dreams: Messages from the unconscious
2. Psychological: Dreams are messages from the unconscious
3. Physiological: No explanation

Question 23

Describe the cognitive (Foulkes) take on dream origins, and the psychological & physiological explanation for sleep (3)

Answer 23

1. Dreams: Cognitive integration of physiological activity produced by sleep stages
2. Psychological: Conscious factors, including problems, worries, and anxiety, drive dream content
3. Physiological: Brain activation during sleep stages is critical for dreaming

Question 24

Describe the biological (Hobson & Colleagues) take on dream origins, and the psychological & physiological explanation for sleep (3)

Answer 24

1. Dreams: Activation of brain centres and synthesis of information from activated areas
2. Psychological: Dreams have no underlying meaning
3. Physiological: Brain activation prompts synthesis, thus causing dreaming

Question 25

Describe the biological (**Evolutionary theorists**) take on dream origins, and the psychological & physiological explanation for sleep (3)

Answer 25

1. **Dreams**: Practice in threat avoidance 2. **Psychological**: Instinctive fears are inherited, and dreaming about them provides preparation for real threats 3. **Physiological**: The REM stage evolved to allow special processing during sleep

Question 26

Dreams are __________

Answer 26

MEANINGLESS

Question 27

When does sleepwalking occur?

Answer 27

Slow-wave sleep; Does not occur during REM

Question 28

When does enuresis (bed-wetting) typically occur?

Answer 28

Stage 4 sleep

Question 29

When do night terrors occur? Who are they most common in? Why do they occur?

Answer 29

Stage 4 awakening Children Little evidence for psychological causes, but physiologically, things slow down during sleep (circulation slows, temp drops) — body is dysregulated making a sudden awaking during stage 4 very disturbing

Question 30

Name 3 sleep disorders

Answer 30

1. Insomnia 2. REM sleep behaviour disorder 3. Narcolepsy

Question 31

Is insomnia common? What can help with insomnia?

Answer 31

Yes Avoid medication and develop a sleep routine