CH 5 Form & Depth Perception (TERMS) Flashcards
Form perception
Separates figure (objects) from ground (background) through boundaries or contours
Gestalt psychology
Laws or grouping determine how elements of the visual array will combine to form objects
Laws
Universal procedures in which things operate in
Law of Proximity
- Gestalt
Objects near each other tend to be seen as a unit
Law of Similarity
- Gestalt
Objects similar to each other tend to be seen as a unit
Law of Continuity
- Gestalt
Objects arranged in an either a straight line or a smooth curve tend to be seen as a unit
Law of Closure
- Gestalt
When a figure has a gap we tend to see it as a closed complete figure
Law of Common Region
- Gestalt
When similar objects move in the same direction we tend to see them as a unit (think birds)
Law of **Connectedness **
- Gestalt
Connected items tend to be seen as a unit (two circles connected by a line are seen as one figure: a “dumbbell”)
Law of Simplicity (Pragnanz)
- Gestalt
Of several geometrically possible organizations, the one will actually occur which possesses the best, simplest, and most stable shape (you perceive the simplest object)
Top-down/conceptually driven processing
The use of context in order to guide perception
Monocular cues
Depth perception cues that can be processed using only one eye
Motion parallax (1,1)
- Monocular cue
Objects closer to the viewer appear to move faster and in the opposite direction, while distant objects move slower and in the same direction as the viewer’s movement
Pictorial cues (1,1)
- Monocular cues
Visual elements in a two-dimensional image (like a painting or photograph) that create the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality
Interposition (1,1)
- Pictorial cues
Overlap - overlapped objects are further away than what’s overlapping them
Relative size (1,1)
- Pictorial cues
Size of objects determines how far/close they are
Linear (1,1)
- Pictorial cues
Parallel lines seem to converge into one another at a distance
Perspective (1,1)
- Pictorial cues
Parallel lines seem to converge into one another at a distance
Texture (1,1)
- Pictorial cues
Surfaces tend to be denser the further away they are
Haze (1,1)
- Pictorial cues
Objects are hazier when they are further away
Shading (1,1)
- Pictorial cues
Light tends to come from the top-down; determines that something is concave or convex
Elevation (1,1)
- Pictorial cues
Things further away tend to be further up
Binocular cues
Depth perception cues that rely on information from both eyes
Convergence (1,1)
- Binocular cue
Eyes turn inwards when viewing close objects
Retinal disparity (2,1)
- Binocular cue
The slight difference in the images that each eye receives due to their slightly different positions and viewing angles
- Basis for stereopsis
Stereopsis
Takes two different retinal images and combines them into one integrated image (i.e., Retinal disparity)
Corresponding retinal points
Objects equidistant from observer’s fixation point
Horopter
Any visual information that you aren’t focused on, that happens to be equidistance from you
Crossed (1,1)
- Retinal point
Eyes cross when focused on close objects
Uncrossed
- Retinal point
Eyes uncross when focused on far objects
Unconscious interference
Information form the stimulus combined with other information to derive perception
Form or size constancy
Despite huge differences in the retinal image (proximal), perception of size remain constant (distal)
Size-distancing scaling
Perception of size and form unconsciously adjusted on the basis of apparent distance
