CH 4 The Brain (TERMS)

Question 1

Forebrain/Cerebrum (1,3)

Answer 1

Top part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities

• Most recently developed part of brain
• Crowning achievement of human evolution
• Includes sub-cortical structures as well as the cerebrum

Question 2

Sub-cortical structures (1,1)

Answer 2

• Forebrain

Parts of the brain that lie beneath the cerebral cortex

Question 3

Frontal Lobe (1,1)

Answer 3

• Cortex

Performs executive functions that coordinate other brain areas, motor planning, language, and decision making

Question 4

Partiel Lobe (1,1)

Answer 4

• Cortex

Processes touch information, integrates senses

Question 5

Temporal Lobe (1,1)

Answer 5

• Cortex

Processes auditory information, language, and long-term memory

Question 6

Occipital Lobe (1,1)

Answer 6

• Cortex

Processes visual information

Question 7

Basal Ganglia

Answer 7

Control movement, motor planning, and skill and habit learning

Question 8

Thalamus (1,1)

Answer 8

• Sub-cortical structures; Limbic System

Conveys sensory information to the cortex, integrates senses

Question 9

Hypothalamus (1,1)

Answer 9

• Sub-cortical structures; Limbic System

Oversees hormone release and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 10

Amygdala (1,1)

Answer 10

• Limbic System

Modulates emotional learning and memory, especially fear and aggression

Question 11

Hippocampus (1,1)

Answer 11

• Limbic System

Enables formation of new long-term conscious memories, spatial navigation, and vivid remembering

Question 12

Medial-forebrain bundle

Answer 12

Pleasure (dopamine system)

Question 13

Limbic cortex

Answer 13

Above corpus callousum

Question 14

Cerebellum

Answer 14

Controls balance and coordinates the fine or precise movements

Question 15

Midbrain

Answer 15

• Brain stem

Tracks visual stimuli and reflexes triggered by sound, regulates sleep and arousal, and controls gross motor movements

Question 16

Pons

Answer 16

• Brain stem

Conveys information between the cortex and cerebellum

Question 17

Medulla

Answer 17

• Brain stem

Regulates vital reflexes (breathing, sneezing, coughing, etc.)

Question 18

Spinal Cord

Answer 18

Conveys information between the brain and the rest of the body

Question 19

Corpus callosum

Answer 19

• Cerebrum

Conducts communication between cerebral hemispheres

Question 20

Cortex

Answer 20

Responsible for complex thought

Question 21

Homunculus

Answer 21

(“Little man”) Size of parts reflect area of cortex dedicated to that motor activity

Question 22

EEG (1,2)

Answer 22

Electroencephalograph monitors averaged electrical activity of the brain over time

• Attaches electrodes to the surface of the skull and measures resultant activity for various conditions
• Analyses characteristic patterns of activity in humans

Question 23

Alpha & Beta waves (2)

Answer 23

Low amplitude, high frequency for wakefulness

• Alpha: 8-12 cps (cycles per second)
• Beta: 15 30 cps

Question 24

Theta waves (2)

Answer 24

Medium amplitude, low frequency for light sleep

• 3.5-7.5 cps

Question 25

Delta waves (3)

Answer 25

(Unconscious waves) High amplitude, low frequency for deep sleep - < 3.5 cps

Question 26

Lesioning

Answer 26

Destroy portions of the brain and examine behavioural differences

Question 27

Stereotaxic Instrument

Answer 27

Localization of brain structure using 3-D coordinates used during **lesioning**

Question 28

ESB

Answer 28

Electrical stimulation of the brain - Stimulating specific areas of the brain with a weak electrical current and observing behaviour

Question 29

Medial forebrain bundle

Answer 29

Connection between the midbrain and hypothalamus of dopamine system

Question 30

CT Scan (1,3)

Answer 30

- Brain imaging Computerized axial tomography uses X-rays to evaluate brain structure - Bones ➡️ Tissues ➡️ Fluid - Colour-coded slices of brain structure

Question 31

PET Scan (1,4)

Answer 31

- Brain imaging Positron emission tomography evaluates brain function - Unstable radioactive chemicals release positrons - Brightest colours indicate greatest activity - Observes brain activity by analyzing the path of oxygenated blood

Question 32

MRI

Answer 32

- Brain imaging Magnetic resonance imaging uses electromagnetic and radio wave technology to evaluate both brain structure and function with improved resolution

Question 33

Hemispheric Lateralization

Answer 33

Specialization of cognitive and behavioural functions between hemispheres

Question 34

Left Brain (2,8)

Answer 34

1. **Fine-tuned Language skills** - Speech comprehension - Speech production - Phonology - Syntax - Reading - Writing 2. **Actions** - Making facial expressions - Motion detection

Question 35

Right Hemisphere

Answer 35

1. **Coarse Language skills - Simple speech - Simple writing - Tone of voice 2. Visuospatial skills - Perceptual grouping - Face perception

Question 36

Split-brain surgery

Answer 36

Procedure that involves severing the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures

Question 37

Broca's area (1,1)

Answer 37

- Pre-frontal cortex Speech production

Question 38

Wernicke's area

Answer 38

Speech comprehension

Question 39

Contralateral

Answer 39

The organization of the brain's hemispheres, where each hemisphere controls movement on the opposite side of the body.

Question 40

Normal Subjects

Answer 40

Investigate perceptual asymmetries or differences in cognitive processing between hemispheres