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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch. 5 Lecture Notes Review > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Lecture Notes Review Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system consists of …….

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

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2
Q

The functions of the skeletal system are …

A
  1. support
  2. storage of Calcium salts
  3. blood cell production
  4. protection of organs and tissues
  5. movement–used as levers by skeletal muscles
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3
Q

List the different bone shapes.

A

Long bones–longer than they are wide
short bones–similar to a cube
flat bones–thin, flat, curved
irregular bones–complex

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4
Q

The shaft of the bone consists of ______.
The marrow cavity is located within the _____.
List the two types of bone marrow.

A

compact bone
diaphysis

a. red marrow
b. yellow marrow

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5
Q

The enlarged end of the bone is called _____.

It consists of ____ overlying ____.

A

epiphysis

compact bone / spongy bone

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6
Q

Describe the periosteum

A 
covers the outher surface of the bone except at the joint.
protects the bone.
contains blood vessels.
ligaments and tendons attach to it.
Fibrous on the outside, cells on inside.
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7
Q

Endosteum lines the ____ walls of the _____ cavity.

Involved in the ______ and _______ of bone.

A

inner / marrow

repair / remodeling

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8
Q

Three types of bone cells:

A
  1. Osteocytes-“housekeepers”
  2. Osteoblasts-osteogenesis
  3. Osteoclasts-“release Ca++”
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9
Q

These cells are the most abundant cells in bone, the most mature bone cells, and they function in bone repair.

A

The osteocytes.

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10
Q

These cells absorb Ca++, produce new bone.

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

Giant cells with 50+ nuclei, release Ca++ when breaking down bone.

A

Osteoclasts

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12
Q

Two types of bone tissue:

A
  1. Compact Bone

2. Spongy Bone

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13
Q

Compact bone aka _____.

The basic units of compact bone are _____

A

Dense bone

osteons

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14
Q

Osteons consist of a bone ____ organized into ___ with a central blood supply.

A

matrix

rings

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15
Q

The central canal is a _____ opening that allows blood vessels to transport ______ and ____ to and from bone tissue.

A

tube-like
nutrients
waste

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16
Q

Perforating canal

A

passageways allowing blood vessels from the central canal to connect with blood vessels of the periosteum and the marrow cavity

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17
Q

Lamellae

A

Cylindrical sheets of calcified matrix

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18
Q

Little cracks in lamellae are called …

A

canaliculi

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19
Q

Canaliculi connect _____ to _____ vessels.

A

lacunae / blood

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20
Q

Lacunae have small openings that contain____.

Located between the _____.

A

osteocytes.

lamellae

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21
Q

A structure unique to the spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

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22
Q

Spongy bone contains no _____.

Trabeculae composed of the same _____ as osteons.

A

osteons

ECM

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23
Q

Describe the structure of trabeculae.

A

Rod-like structures which form a network with open spaces. Bone marrow fills the open spaces. Made of same ECM as osteons.

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24
Q

Two structures that are found in both spongy and compact bone.

A
  1. Canaliculi–small channels

2. Lacunae – small pockets

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25
Q

Osteogenesis is the production of ____.

Ossification is the process that involves replacing cartilage with bone tissue produced by ______.

A

bone

osteoblasts

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26
Q

Describe the two types of ossification

A

Intramembraneous ossification, when bone develops within sheets of connective tissue, eg. flat bones

Endochondral ossification, when bone replaces hyaline cartilage eg. most bones

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27
Q

Define bone remodeling.

What is the purpose of remodeling?

A

The continous removal & replacement of bone matrix in bone.

Remodeling of bone allows your bones to adapt to stress.

28
Q

The cells that are responsible for maintaing vone structure are _______.

A

Osteocytes

29
Q

What cell types are active in bone remodeling?

A

Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts

30
Q

What does the axial skeleton do?

A

Supports and protects organ systems in the brain cavity, spinal cavity, and ventral body cavity.

31
Q

List the cranial bones (8).

A 
frontal bone
parietal bones
occipital bones
temporal bones
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone
32
Q

List the facial bones (14).

A 
maxilla
palatine
vomer
zygomatic
nasal
lacrimal
mandible
inferior nasal conchae
33
Q

List the bones of the thoracic cage/

A

sternum

ribs (12 pairs)

34
Q

List the associated bones.

A

Hyoid bone

ossicles (ear bones)

35
Q

List the bones of the vertebral column

A 
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (4 fused)
36
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of ….

A

pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
upper limbs
lower limbs

37
Q

The clavicle and scapula make up the ____.

A

pectoral girdle

38
Q

List bones of the upper limb.

A 
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones (8/hand)
metacarpal bones (5/hand)
Phalanges (14/hand)
39
Q

The hip bones aka _______ make up the _____.

A

coxal bones

pelvic girdle

40
Q

List the bones of the lower limb.

A 
Femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
phalanges
41
Q

Joints are found wherever ________.

Joints require a balance between _____, _____, need for ___.

A

two bones meet (articulate)

strength / stability / movement

42
Q

True or false.

Some joints are immovable.

43
Q

Joints are classified based on:

  1. …
  2. …
A
  1. Structure

2. Function

44
Q

List the 3 types of joints based on structure.

A
  1. fibrous–consist of fibrous connective tissue eg. cranial sutures
  2. cartilaginous-consists of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage eg. between ribs & sternum
  3. synovial-surrounded by articular joint capsule made of fibrous tissue
45
Q

The ends of bones at ball & socket joint are covered by ______.

A

articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

46
Q

The types of joints based on function are:

A

a. synarthorosis –do not move, eg cranial sutures
b. amphiarthoris– allow slight movement eg. ribs&sternum
c. diarthrosis – freely movable joint, eg. humerus & scapula

47
Q

____ and _____ are used interchangeably.

Eg is the _____ joint.

A

Diarthrosis / Synovial

knee

48
Q

What are the 3 parts of the synovial joint?

A

Joint (articular) capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage

49
Q

What is the function of the joint (articular) capsule?

A

Fibrous outer layer that surrounds the joint cavity.

50
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A

secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint.

51
Q

Why do we need articular cartilage?

A

Because it is a cartilage pad that functions as a shock absorber inside the joint.

52
Q

True or False.

Arthro = joint

53
Q

List the 7 parts of the knee joint.

A 
joint capsule
synovial membrane
articular cartilage
menisci
ligaments
fat pads
bursae
54
Q

What are the bursae?

A

Small sacks of connective tissue filled with synovial fluid. Function as a cushion between tendons, ligaments, and the surrounding tissues.

55
Q

What do fat pads do?

A

protect the articular cartilage by serving as packing material.

fill the spaces created in the joint during movement.

56
Q

Ligaments of the knee are found _____ and ___ of the joint. Function to ____ bone to bone.

A

inside / outside

attach

57
Q

Menisci

A

fibrocartilage pads that act as shock absorbers in the knee

58
Q

4 types of Synovial joints (structure)

A

Gliding joint eg. carpal bones
Hinge joint eg. humerus & ulna
Pivot joint eg. atlas & axis
Ball & socket joint eg. femur & coxal bone

59
Q

Describe gliding.

A

When the surfaces of two bones slide past each other.

60
Q

Describe flexion.

A

movement that decreases the angle between two articulating bones.

61
Q

Describe extension.

A

movement that increases the angle between two articulating bones (opposite of flexion).

62
Q

Describe abduction

A

Movement away from the midline.

63
Q

Describe adduction.

A

movement towards the midline.

64
Q

Describe circumduction.

A

Circular movement at the distal end of a bone at synovial joint.

65
Q

Describe rotation.

A

Movement in a left to right direction.

eg. head movement left to right (involved atlas & axis)

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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