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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch. 1 Lecture Notes Review > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Lecture Notes Review Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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2
Q

differentiation

A

process where cells develop special characteristics for structure & function

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3
Q

Biology

A

Study of life

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4
Q

Anatomy

A

study of internal and external structures and the relationship between these structures

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5
Q

ana-

A

up or apart

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6
Q

tomy

A

to cut

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7
Q

gross anatomy

A

study of visible features

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8
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures that require magnification

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9
Q

cytology

A

study of cellular structure and function

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10
Q

cyto

A

cell

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11
Q

-logy

A

study of

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12
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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13
Q

histo

A

tissue

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14
Q

Physiology

A

study of how living organisms function

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15
Q

physio-

A

nature / function

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16
Q

Human physiology

A

study of functions of the human body

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17
Q

Cellular physiology

A

study of cellular functions

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18
Q

Pathological physiology

A

study of the effects of diseases on organ and organ system functions

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19
Q

Chemical Level

A

atoms–monomer–polymer

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20
Q

cellular level

A

cellular structures (organelles) that give rise to individual cells

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21
Q

tissue level

A

similar cells working together to carry out a specialized function

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22
Q

organ level

A

more than one tissue type working together to carry out a specialized function

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23
Q

organ system level

A

consists of several organs working together

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24
Q

organism level

A

consists of all organ systems working together

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25
Q

Outer surface of the human body

A

Integumentary system

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26
Q

Bones of the body

A

Skeletal system

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27
Q

Regulatory system

A

Nervous system

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28
Q

Glands that secrete hormones to regulate organ system

A

Endocrine system

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29
Q

Transport of gases nutrients

A

Cardiovascular system

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30
Q

Host defense

A

Lymphatic system

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31
Q

Gas exchange

A

Respiratory system

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32
Q

Food processing and absorption of nutrients

A

Digestive system

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33
Q

Elimination of waste products derived from your blood

A

Urinary system

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34
Q

Production of sperm and eggs

A

Reproductive system

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35
Q

Homeostasis

A

presence of a stable internal environment

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36
Q

Homeostatic Regulation

A

physiological adjustments by organ systems to maintain homeostasis

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37
Q

What are 3 things are involved in Homeostatic Regulation?

A
  1. Receptor 2. Control Center 3. Effector
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38
Q

Receptor

A

detects stimuli or changes in the surrounding environment

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39
Q

Stimulus

A

A change the we see, smell, hear or feel

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40
Q

Control Center

A

receives and processes information transmitted from the receptor

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41
Q

Effector

A

Carries out commands from the control center Produces a change that maintains homeostasis.

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42
Q

Homeostatic Regulation involves ______ ______

A

feedback mechanisms

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43
Q

Negative Feedback

A

original stimulus is opposed (negatively effected) by the effector response Minimizes changes to maintain homeostasis.

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44
Q

Positive Feedback

A

original stimulus is reinforced (not opposed) by the effector response. Increases changes that deviate from homeostasis.

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45
Q

Supine

A

lying down, face up

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46
Q

Prone

A

lying down, face down

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47
Q

Cephalon

A

head

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48
Q

Cervicis

A

neck

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49
Q

Thoracis

A

Thorax or chest

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50
Q

Regions of the human body

A

Cephalic region Cervical region Thoracic region

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51
Q

Planes and sections

A

Transverse / cross section Frontal / coronal Sagittal

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52
Q

Divides body into a top and bottom

A

Transverse Plane

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53
Q

Divides body into a front and back

A

Frontal Plane

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54
Q

Divides body into a left and right side

A

Sagittal Plane

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55
Q

Attached to the inner walls of the body cavity

A

Parietal

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56
Q

Visceral

A

Attached to the organ (viscera) visceral layer is part of the organ

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57
Q

Body cavities

A

internal chambers that hold organs

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58
Q

Body cavities funtion in …..

A

protecting organs from physical stress allowing for changes in size and shape

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59
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Superior Thoracic Cavity Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity

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60
Q

Serous membrane is unique to …….

A

Ventral body cavity

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61
Q

Thoracic Cavity consists of ….

A

Single pericardial cavity Two Pleural Cavity

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62
Q

Serous membrane that surrounds the heart is called ______

A

pericardium

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63
Q

Pericardium covering the heart is the

A

visceral pericardium

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64
Q

Pericardium lining the wall of the thoracic cavity is the

A

parietal pericardium

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65
Q

Which cavity surrounds the lungs

A

Pleural cavity

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66
Q

Pleura

67
Q

What is the difference between visceral pleura and the parietal pleura?

A

Visceral pleura covers the lung and the parietal pluera lines the wall of the thoracic cavity.

68
Q

Serous membrane always consists of what two layers?

A

Visceral layer and Parietal layer

69
Q

Describe the region known as the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Anterior cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis.

70
Q

The body part that processes sensory information and decides if a response is needed is called the _______.

A

Control center

71
Q

ANTERIOR

A

Front surface

72
Q

VENTRAL

A

Belly side

73
Q

Posterior

A

Back surface

74
Q

Cranial

75
Q

INFERIOR

76
Q

MEDIAL

A

Toward body’s longitudinal axis

77
Q

LATERAL

A

Away from body’s longitudinal axis

78
Q

PROXIMAL

A

Toward base

79
Q

DISTAL

A

Away from base

80
Q

SUPERFICIAL

A

At, near, close to body surface

81
Q

DEEP

A

Far from body surface

82
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Perpendicular to long axis

83
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Parallel to long axis

84
Q

Transverse Section

A

Separates superior from inferior portions

85
Q

Sagittal Section

A

Separates right and left

86
Q

Midsagittal Section

A

Separates right and left along midline

87
Q

Parasagittal Section

A

Separates right and left unequally

88
Q

Coronal Section

A

Separates anterior and posterior

89
Q

Oxygen O

A

Water, gas O2 energy production

90
Q

Carbon C

A

Component of all organic molecules

91
Q

Hydrogen H

A

Water and most compounds

92
Q

Nitrogen N

A

In proteins, nucleus acids, other organic cmpds

93
Q

Calcium Ca

A

Bones, teeth Membrane function, nerve impulses Muscle contraction, blood clotting

94
Q

Phosphorus P

A

Bones, teeth, nucleic acids , hi-energy cmpds

95
Q

Potassium K

A

Membrane function Nerve impulses, muscle contraction

96
Q

Sodium Na

A

Blood volume, membrane function Nerve impulses, muscle contraction

97
Q

Chlorine Cl

A

Blood volume, membrane function Water absorption

98
Q

Magnesium Mg

A

Cofactor for many enzymes

99
Q

Sulfur S

100
Q

Iron Fe

A

Oxygen transport Energy

101
Q

Iodine I

A

Hormones of thyroid gland

102
Q

aer-, aeros

A

air: aerobic metabolism

103
Q

arter-, arteria

A

artery: arterial

104
Q

bio, bios

A

life: biology

105
Q

-blast, blastos

A

germ: osteoblast

106
Q

bronch-, bronchus

A

windpipe, airway: bronchial

107
Q

cardi-, cardio-, -cardia, kardia

A

heart: cardiac, cardiopulmonary

108
Q

cerebr-, cerebrum

A

brain: cerebral

109
Q

cervic-, cervicis

A

neck: cervical vertebrae

110
Q

chondro-, chondros

A

cartilage: chondrocyte

111
Q

cranio-, cranium

A

skull: craniosacral

112
Q

cyt-, cyto-, kytos

A

hollow cell: cytology, cytokine

113
Q

derm-, derma

A

skin: dermatome

114
Q

end-, endo-, endon

A

within: endergonic

115
Q

epi-

A

on: epimysium

116
Q

hemo-, haima

A

blood: hemopoiesis

117
Q

hemi-

A

one-half: hemisphere

118
Q

histo-, histos

A

tissue: histology

119
Q

hyper-

A

above: hyperpolarization

120
Q

hypo-

A

under: hypothyroid

121
Q

inter-

A

between: interventricular

122
Q

iso-

A

equal: isotonic

123
Q

leuk-, leuko-, leukos

A

white: leukemia, leukocyte

124
Q

lyso-, -lysis, -lyze

A

a loosening: hydrolysis

125
Q

myo-, mys

A

muscle: myofi lament

126
Q

nephr-, nephros

A

kidney: nephron

127
Q

neur-, neuri-, neuro-

A

neuron, nerve: neural

128
Q

-ology, logos

A

the study of: physiology

129
Q

ost-, oste-, osteo,

A

bone: osteal, ostealgia

130
Q

oto-, otikos

A

ear: otolith

131
Q

peri-

A

around: perineurium

132
Q

phago-

A

to eat: phagocyte

133
Q

photo-, phos

A

light: photalgia, photoreceptor

134
Q

physio-, physis

A

nature: physiology

135
Q

pre-, prae

A

before: precapillary sphincter

136
Q

pulmo-

A

lung: pulmonary

137
Q

retro-

A

backward: retroperitoneal

138
Q

sarco-, sarkos

A

flesh: sarcomere

139
Q

scler-, skleros

A

hard: sclera, sclerosis

140
Q

sub-

A

below: subcutaneous

141
Q

super-

A

above or beyond: superficial

142
Q

vas-

A

vessel: vascular

143
Q

Integumentary system

A

Protects body from environmental hazards; controls body temperature

144
Q

Skeletal system

A

Supports, protects soft tissues: stores minerals; forms blood cells

145
Q

Muscular system

A

Moves and supports body; produces heat

146
Q

Nervous system

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

147
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials internally, including nutrients, wastes, gases

148
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Defends against infection and disease

149
Q

Respiratory system

A

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur

150
Q

Digestive system

A

Processes food and absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, water

151
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates excess water, salts, waste products; controls pH

152
Q

Reproductive system

A

Produces sex cells and hormones

153
Q

Cephalon

154
Q

Cervicis

155
Q

Thoracis

A

Thorax or Chest

156
Q

Abdomen

157
Q

Loin

A

Lower back

158
Q

Pubis

A

Anterior pelvis

159
Q

Axilla

160
Q

Brachium

161
Q

Antebrachium

162
Q

Manus

163
Q

Pes

164
Q

Planta

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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