A&P LAB Practical 1 Flashcards
What Position is this?
Anatomical Position
Describe Anatomical Position
[Verbally]
F-PUSH
F- FEET CLOSE TOGETHER
P-PALMS FACING FORWARD
U-UPPER LIMBS DOWN AT THEIR SIDE
S-STANDING ERECT
H-HEAD FACING FORWARD
Demonstrate the Anatomical Position
Label the common Anatomical Landmarks
Label the Anatomical Landmarks
Label the Body Planes
Label the Body Planes
- Coronal
- Transverse
- Sagittal
Label the Body Planes
Body Planes
Anatomical Landmarks
Label at the asterisks
Define
Body Cavity
Define
Body Cavity
Spaces within the body that contain various organs.
What are the major Body Cavities?
Major Body Cavities
- I. Dorsal
- a. cranial
- b. spinal
- II. Ventral
- a. thoracic
- b. abdominal pelvic
List Major Organs for the Body Cavity
- Cranial
- Spinal
- Thoracic
- Abdominal*
- Pelvic*
* Emphasized during lab
- Cranial —————–Brain
- Spinal —————–Spinal Cord
- Thoracic —————–Heart & Lungs
- Abdominal* —–Digestive organs + kidneys
- Pelvic*—-Reproductive organs & Urinary bladder
List Major Organs for the Following Body Cavities
Cranial::Brain
Spinal::Spinal Cord
Thoracic::Heart & Lungs
Abdominal::Digestive organs & Kidneys
Pelvic::Reproductive organs and Urinary Bladder
ante
before
post
after
thorac
chest
nas
nose
orb*
circle
cervic
neck
acr
extremity
brachi
arm
digit
finger or toe
cranio
skull
peri
around
cardio
heart
trans
through
Hand is (proximal or distal) to the shoulder.
DISTAL
Mouth is (superior or inferior) to the nose.
INFERIOR
Heel of the foot is (proximal or distal) to the ankle.
PROXIMAL
The heart is (anterior or posterior) to the spinal cord.
ANTERIOR
The heart is (medial or lateral) to the arms.
MEDIAL
Thoracic Cavity contains…..
Abdominopelvic cavity contains ….
Label these cavities
Name the four Major Types of Organic Compounds found in Humans.
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
What is the monomer for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide
What is the monomer for Protein?
Amino Acid
What is the monomer for Nucleic Acid?
Nucleotide
Lipids do not consist of monomers.
List some examples of lipids.
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Identify this Biomolecule.
List the Monosaccharides we discussed in Lab.
Monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Ribose
List the Disaccharides we discussed in Lab.
Disaccharides
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
List the Polysaccharides we discussed in Lab.
Polysaccharides
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Cellulose
Carbohydrate Testing
Benedict’s Reagent identifies Glucose
What does the Negative Test look like?
Carbohydrate Testing
Negative Result for Glucose
Blue
Carbohydrate Testing
Benedict’s Reagent identifies Glucose
What does the Positive Test look like?
Carbohydrate Testing
Postive Result for Glucose
Orange
Carbohydrate Testing
Benedict’s Reagent identifies Glucose
What if there is no Glucose, but lots of Starch in solution?
Carbohydrate Testing
Negative for Glucose
Blue
A test involving Benedict’s Reagent requires what?
Boiling for 1 minute.
Lugol’s Reagent is specific to which of these?
Monosaccharide
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
True or False
Lugol’s Reagent gives a positive result when mixed with Fresh Potato Juice.
TRUE
True or False
Lugol’s Iodine gives a positive result when mixed with Apple Juice.
FALSE
True or False
Lugol’s Iodine gives a positive result when mixed with Karo Syrup.
False
True or False
Lugol’s Iodine gives a positive result when mixed with 1% Starch Solution.
TRUE
Identify this Biomolecule
Amino Acid
What is the Relationship between these two biomolecules?
Polypeptides are made up of monomers called amino acids.
How do we test for Protein?
Biuret Reagent
If I test Apple Juice with Biuret Reagent ……
It turns
Blue / Negative
If I test Albumin with Biuret Reagent ……
It turns
VIOLET / Positive
Biuret Test for Protein requires what?
10 drops of Biuret Reagent and mixing.
What biomolecule is referred to as our genetic material?
Nucleic Acids
DNA
If proteins are the most diverse and most important molecules in our cells,
Why is DNA the “master molecule?”
DNA carries the codes for how to make the proteins.
Proteins cannot be made without the exact sequence of bases in the DNA.
Throughout our ____, the appearance of the right proteins at the right time in our _____ maintains the structure and ____ of our bodies and continues our life.
lives
cells
function
DNA carries thousands of codes or ________.
They instruct what ______ should be linked to make up a _______.
It is the _____ that allows a protein to carry out its own specific task in the cell.
genes
amino acids / polypeptide
shape
DNA is a polymer made from two _____ _______ of
linked _________ twisted together
into a _____ ____.
long strands
nucleotides
double helix
The DNA double helix is very ______ because of the _______ bonds that join the nucleotides together.
Adding to the strength of the double helix structure are : ___________formed between__________.
stable / covalent
Hydrogen bonds / paired nitrogenous bases
What are the reactants in this reaction?
Amino acids
What is the product in this reaction?
dipeptide
What type of chemical reaction is this?
Dehydration
What molecule is leaving?
What type of bond is being formed?
H2O
Covalent / Peptide Bond
What monomer is used to form DNA?
Describe the structure of DNA.
Nucleotide
Structure of DNA is a double helix made up of a sugar phosphate backbone, with an interior held together by the pairing of nitrogenous bases; the structure is then given a helical twist (winding staircase look) with the aid and stabilization of Hydrogen bonds.
What did you observe when you examined the DNA attached to the glass rod?
What did you use to precipitate this?
Thick, sticky, opaque substance.
Lots of cold alcohol.
What chemical color indicator did you use to detect glucose?
What solutions contained glucose?
Couldn’t you just taste them for glucose?
Benedict’s Reagent
Karo syrup, apple juice, carbonated soda
NO! Eating or drinking isn’t allowed in the lab ;(
Basic Unit of Length
Meter, m
Basic Unit of Volume
Liter, l or L
Basic Unit of Mass
Gram, g
Basic Unit of Time
Second, s
Basic Unit of Temperature
Degree Celsius, C
kilo
1000
deci
1/10
centi
1/100
milli
1/1,000
micro
1/1,000,000
nano
1/1,000,000,000
k
kilo
d
deci
c
centi
m
milli
u
micro
n
nano
RT or room temperature
20 dec C
Body temperature
37 deg C
Temperature of boiling water
100 deg C
Temperature of refrigerator
2-8 dec C
Freezing temperature of water
0 dec C
One-millionth of a gram
ug, microgram
One thousand meters
km, kilometer
One-thousandth of a meter
mm, millimeter
One-hundredth of a meter
cm, centimeter
One-thousandth of a liter
mL, milliliter
One-billionth of a gram
ng, nanogram
Molecules such as ____ and _____ dissolved in water may dissociate into charged ions, _______.
acids
bases
ionization
An _____ is a substance that when it ionizes in a ____-based solution, it increases the number of ___ in a solution.
acid
water
H+ / Hydrogen ions / protons
A _____ is a substance that when it _________ in a water-based solution, it ______ the number of H+ in a solution.
base
ionizes
decreases
pH is the _______ of the concentration of _________ in a solution.
It can be easily measured by a _____.
measurement
protons / H+ / hydrogen ions
pH strip
If blood pH rises over 7.45 that means that the concentration of ______ goes _______.
Is blood pH over 7.45 in-range or out-of-range?
protons
down
out-of-range
Our body’s organic molecules, especially _______ may not function when the pH is changed.
We need to balance pH in our bodies because _____ ____ release waste products that can change pH.
Also the _________can change the pH in our cells and fluids.
proteins
living cells
food we eat
pH scale ranges from _______.
pH = _____is neutral
pH greater than ____is basic.
acidic pH is anything _________
0 to 14
7
7
less than 7
What happens when H2O combines with CO2?
Carbonic Acid
H2CO3
What does acidosis mean?
The increase in protons has decreased blood pH below 7.35
Difference in pH scale between 2 and 3 signifies a difference of ___. pH measures what? __
Solution with pH 2 is ten times more _____ than a solution of pH 3.
if a solution A is 100 times more concentrated than solution B than the pH difference is __.
10 times / protons
concentrated
2
A buffer is a ______.
It functions to _____ the change in pH when a ___ or ___ is added to solution.
solution
minimize
base
acid
Add acid to a buffer and the buffer will combine with _____ and help _______ the pH.
It is the _____ in the buffer which binds H+
extra protons
maintain
weak base
Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during cell respiration.
If the body cannot get rid of CO2 it will combine with ______ in the blood and lower the blood pH.
Lungs regulate the amount of _____ in the blood.
And the kidneys regulate the amount of ______ ions in the blood.
water
CO2
bicarbonate / HCO3-
Add a _____ to a buffer and the buffer will release H+ to maintain the pH.
Most buffers consist of a weak acid and weak base
It is the ____ that releases H+ to maintain pH.
base
weak acid
3 main buffer systems of the body*
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Protein
What 2 organs regulate the amount of
CO2 and HCO3- in the blood?
Lungs
Kidneys
Give the formula that summarizes the
reaction of CO2 and H20 in the blood.
CO2 + H20 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
Lungs remove CO2
Kidneys remove HCO3-
Name some diseases that cause acidosis.
Emphysema
asthma
bronchitis
pneumonia
pulmonary edema
