Ch. 3 Lecture Notes Review Flashcards
lysosome
degrades damaged/old organelles and foreign bodies
mitochondria
functions as the principal site of ATP synthesis It is the cell’s power plant
Rough ER
the location of synthesis and sorting of proteins that will be secreted or inserted into cell membrane.
Endoplasmic means
Endo- inside
plasmic- cytoplasm
Reticulum means
Network
The cell membrane is the _____ ______ of the cell.
outer boundary
Which of these is not a protein?
- Hemoglobin
- Cholesterol
- Aquaporin
Cholesterol
List the 3 types of membrane proteins
- Transmembrane
- Lipid-anchored
- Peripheral
organelles are formed by _______ _______.
organic compounds
Cells assume unique ______ related to their functions.
shapes
Cells are the smallest ….
basic units of life.
List the components of the Cell Theory
- Cells are the building block of plants & animals
- Cells are the basic units of life
- Cells are produced by division of pre-existing cells
- Cells maintain homeostasis, individually and collectively
The pH inside a cell is _____.
7.2 in the cytoplasm.
Cytology
study of cells
A free ribosome does what?
makes proteins that stay inside the cell
A ribosome attached to the ER does what?
makes proteins for the cell membrane, lysosome or ECF
Cytosol
The intracellular fluid that contains ions and proteins but excludes organelles
Cytoplasm
Cytosol plus organelles
Cytoskeleton consists of
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
Microfilaments can be found in what organelle
Microvilli
Microvilli have a special function, they …..
increase the cell surface area to aid absorption of nutrients.
Cell movement of sperm is accomplished by what non-membranous organelle?
Flagella
Ribosomes are unique because
they are composed of RNA plus protein.
Key feature of organelles:
______ chemicals and ______ so they proceed without interference.
Isolate
reactions
Smooth ER
ER without ribosomes
Site for synthesis of secretory proteins
RER-Rough ER
Power Plant
Mitochondria
What organelle makes ribosomes?
Nucleus
The porous double membrane surrounding the cellular DNA is the _____.
Nuclear Envelope
Four things the cell membrane does:
- Physical barrier between ECF and ICF
- Regulates exchange of nutrients, wastes etc
- Monitors changes in the environment
- Provides structural support
Phospholipids and Cholesterol are _____.
membrane lipids
Cholesterol in the membrane …
contributes rigidity
The Harvard Cell Video demonstrated what?
The movement of molecules & ions across the cell membrane and into and out of the cell.
Define.
Primary factor affecting membrane transport
cell membrane permeability
Define.
Semipermeable membrane-
allows some substances to cross freely, prevents others from crossing
Define
Diffusion-
movement of solutes from a high concentration region to low concentration region until equilibrium is reached
Define
Active Process
requires ATP
Define
Passive Process
doesn’t require energy
Diffusion and Filtration are examples of
Passive membrane transport
Why can’t the ions diffuse through the cell membrane?
Because the ions have an electrical charge (they are polar). Lipid bilayer is non-polar and repulses charged ions.
What special feature allows cholesterol to pass the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer?
Cholesterol is non-polar and thus is lipid soluble.
Osmotic pressure exerted by a solution on a cell is called _____.
tonicity
A cell in isotonic solution
is a normal cell, not swelling or shrinking
Hypotonic solution causes a cell to
swell or gain water from the ECF
Hypertonic solution causes a cell to
shrink or lose water to the ECF
Process where solutes are aided across the membrane.
Carrier-mediated transport
A type of diffusion
*that requires no ATP
*where the solute is not lipid soluble
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion across a membrane that is not dependent on concentration gradients
Active Transport
Define.
Vesicular Transport
movement of substances, in vesicles, in and out of cells
List the 3 types of endocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis
White bloods cells eating an infectious bacteria is an example of ______.
phagocytosis
Process where the Golgi apparatus sends a vesicle full of protein to the membrane for secretion
Exocytosis
What non-membranous organelle do you see?
Flagellum
From left to right what kind process do you see?
Diffusion across a membrane that ends with equilibrium.
Label A, B, C in this diagram.
A. Rough ER
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Plasma Membrane
Label this diagram.
Label this diagram.
Carrier Membrane Transport requires _________ _______ called carrier protein.
transmembrane protein
Name the 2 types of Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport.
a. ???-no ATP, ex. Glucose Transport
b. ???-requires ATP, ex. Na+/K+ exchange pump
a. Facilitated Diffusion
b. Active Transport
Vesicular transport requires a vesicle which is lipid packaged.
2 types include:
a. ??-begins at cell membrane
b. ?? begins at Golgi complex
a. Endocytosis
b. Exocytosis
Extracellular Fluid + Extracellular Matrix = Extracellular Material
Cells + Extracellular Material = ???
Tissues
Four types of tissues.
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Neural
Tissues consist of a _______________ that perform a common function. The cells may be surrounded by _____.
group of specialized cells
extracellular material
General Characteristics
- Epithelial tissue consists of ____ and ____ tissue (w/o blood vessels).
- Epithelial cells are continously _____.
- Epithelial tissue is found covering ______ that include skin, body cavities, ________, _______.
- glands / avascular
- replaced
- surfaces / digestive tract / respiratory tract
Epithelial Tissue Functions
- Provide physical protection
- Control permeability
- Provide sensation
- Form Glands that produce specialized secretions
Epithelial cells are _____ attached together forming a physical barrier. They are connected together by cell _____ molecules forming junctions.
Name 3 types of junctions.
tightly / adhesion
- tight junctions
- gap junctions
- desmosomes
Functions of Epithelium.
- physical barrier protecting internal/ ____ tissues from external environment
- regulates ______- substances entering or leaving the body
- Detects changes in environment. Accomplishes this with _____ receptors and thermoreceptors located ____ in the epithelium
- deep
- permeability
- touch / deep
- deep tissue found throughout the body
- very diverse, many different types
- extracelluar material makes up most of the connective tissue
- connective tissue is vascular
- transports materials such as nutrients
- stores energy
- protects from foreign microorganisms
List the subtypes of these 3 connective tissues
- I. Connective tissue proper
- a. Loose
- b. Dense
- II. Fluid connective tissue
- a. Blood
- b. Lymph
- III. Supporting connective tissue
- a. Hyaline cartilage
- b. Elastic cartilage
- c. Fibrocartilage
Discuss Connective tissue proper
- I. Examples of Cell types:
- II. Fibers that form Extracellular matrix
- a. collagen fibers
- b. ______ fibers
- c. ______ fibers
- III. Extracellular fluid aka …
- main function is to…
- I. cell types: fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes
- II. Fibers in ECM
- a. collagen fibers
- b. elastic fibers
- c. reticular fibers
- III. ECF aka ground substance
- main function is to prevent bacteria from moving freely
name and describe the specialized epithelial cells that produce secretions.
Exocrine glands -secretions thtare released outside the body. eg. milk, sweat
Endocrine system–secretions released into the surrounding tissues and blood. eg. hormones
Fill in the blanks.
- Collagen Fibers–strong and ____
- Elastic Fibers–_________
- Reticular Fibers–Interwoven, ___
- unbranched
- stretchable and unbranched
- thin and unbranched
Fill in the blanks.
Extracellular Fluid is _____ like ____.
Fills the _____ between cells and _____.
Prevents ______ from moving freely.
Also known as _________.
thick like syrup
spaces / fibers
bacteria
ground substance
Fill in the blanks.
Loose connective tissue
- functions in _____ epithelia and blood vessels
- _____ organs
- includes _____ tissue
- supporting
- protects
- adipose / fatty
Fill in the blanks.
Dense Connective Tissue.
Strong tissue that functions in supporting ____, ____, ____.
Includes tendons and _____.
bones, muscles, organs
ligaments
What do you find in the Fluid Connective Tissue?
red and white blood cells
plasma and lymph fluid
Fill in the blanks.
Blood and Lymph fluid are examples of ____.
fluid connective tissues
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Identify the tissue type
List the types of cells found in the areolar tissue.
areolar tissue = connective tissue proper
I. Loose connective tissue
cells: fat cells, macrophages
II. Dense connective tissue
cells: tendons, ligaments, fibroblasts
This cell type:
- synthesizes the ECM and collagen
- plays a critical role in wound healing
- is the most common cell in animals
- can migrate slowly over substratum
Fibroblasts
Fluid Connective Tissue.
eg. Whole Blood, lymph fluid
Identify the tissue type
Where can you find this tissue type?
Lymphatic capillary.
Throughout the body.
What makes lymphatic capillaries unique?
Identify the tissue type
General Characteristics.
Extracellular material is a dense ground substance.
Chondrocytes produce cartilage.
Osteoblasts produce bone.
Supporting Connective Tissue
Fill in the Blank
3 types of cartilage
- _____- eg. ribs and sternum
- _____- eg. epiglottis
- _____- eg. spinal column, knee
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
Osteocytes / Osteoblasts are Supporting Connective tissues that specialize in …
producing the extracellular matrix called bone
Two types of bone:
- spongy bone
- compact bone
All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:
What shape does the skeletal muscle exhibit?
Skeletal muscle looks like packed straws, with the nucleus on the outer edge.
All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:
What shape does the cardiac muscle exhibit?
Cardiac muscle is branched, with a central nucleus.
All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:
What shape does the smooth muscle exhibit?
Smooth muscle looks like an elongated eyeball (spindle shape), with the nucleus in the center.
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac Muscle cells
Smooth muscle cells
Identify me by this key characteristic.
My cells are short, spindle shaped, nonstriated with a single, central nucleus.
Smooth muscle tissue.
Identify me by this key characteristic.
My cells are short branched, striated, usually a single nucleus.
Cardiac muscle tissue.
Identify me by this key characteristic.
My cells are long, cylindrical, striated and multinucleate.
Skeletal muscle tissue.
Compact Bone
Skeletal muscle tissue under a microscope.
Cardiac Muscle tissue under a microscope
smooth muscle tissue under a microscope
Identify me by my Location.
You will find me combined with connective tissues and neural tissues.
Skeletal muscle tissue
Identify me by my Location.
I’m found only in the Heart.
Cardiac muscle tissue.
Identify me by my Location.
I’m found in the walls of:
blood vessels,
digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive organs
Smooth muscle tissue
Remember both of these cell types are equally important.
Label the receiver, control center, effector
Dendrite is the receiver
Cell body is the control center
Axon is the effector
What tissue specializes in communication via electrical impulses?
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue
- ______ the functions of most organs.
- Consists of _____ and ____.
- Regulates
- Neurons (nerve cells)
- Neuroglia (glial cells)
Neuroglia provide ________ to neurons.
Such as _____, and _____ effect for communication signals.
support
nutrients / insulating
Four types of Membranes.
- Mucous membrane
- Serous membrane
- Cutaneous membrane
- Synovial membrane
Mucous membrane - protects ___ tissues
Secretes ___ that protects ____ tissue.
Lines ___ and ___ tracts.
underlying
mucus / epithelial
digestive / respiratory
Serous membrane lines the subcavities of _______.
Reduces ______ between organs by providing cushioning with _______.
the ventral body cavity
friction
serous fluid
This membrane is thick, waterproof and dry.
Cutaneous membrane.
Sheet like structure that forms the surface of our bodies.
Cutaneous membrane.
Synovial membrane – located at our _______
Secretes synovial fluid which ……
joints
lubricates joints to reduce friction
aids in smooth movement
Synovial membrane is what type of tissue?
Epithelial connective tissue / Areolar tissue
The structure of neural tissue helps in what functions?
Conducting Electrical Impulses
Carrying information
- a. simple squamous epithelium
- b. simple cuboidal epithelium
- c. simple columnar epithelium
- d. stratified squamous epithelium
- e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
- f. stratified columnar epithelium
