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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch. 3 Lecture Notes Review > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Lecture Notes Review Flashcards

1
Q

lysosome

A

degrades damaged/old organelles and foreign bodies

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2
Q

mitochondria

A

functions as the principal site of ATP synthesis It is the cell’s power plant

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3
Q

Rough ER

A

the location of synthesis and sorting of proteins that will be secreted or inserted into cell membrane.

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4
Q

Endoplasmic means

A

Endo- inside

plasmic- cytoplasm

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5
Q

Reticulum means

A

Network

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6
Q

The cell membrane is the _____ ______ of the cell.

A

outer boundary

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7
Q

Which of these is not a protein?

  • Hemoglobin
  • Cholesterol
  • Aquaporin
A

Cholesterol

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8
Q

List the 3 types of membrane proteins

A
  • Transmembrane
  • Lipid-anchored
  • Peripheral
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9
Q

organelles are formed by _______ _______.

A

organic compounds

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10
Q

Cells assume unique ______ related to their functions.

A

shapes

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11
Q

Cells are the smallest ….

A

basic units of life.

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12
Q

List the components of the Cell Theory

A
  1. Cells are the building block of plants & animals
  2. Cells are the basic units of life
  3. Cells are produced by division of pre-existing cells
  4. Cells maintain homeostasis, individually and collectively
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13
Q

The pH inside a cell is _____.

A

7.2 in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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15
Q

A free ribosome does what?

A

makes proteins that stay inside the cell

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16
Q

A ribosome attached to the ER does what?

A

makes proteins for the cell membrane, lysosome or ECF

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

The intracellular fluid that contains ions and proteins but excludes organelles

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol plus organelles

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton consists of

A
  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
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20
Q

Microfilaments can be found in what organelle

A

Microvilli

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21
Q

Microvilli have a special function, they …..

A

increase the cell surface area to aid absorption of nutrients.

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22
Q

Cell movement of sperm is accomplished by what non-membranous organelle?

A

Flagella

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23
Q

Ribosomes are unique because

A

they are composed of RNA plus protein.

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24
Q

Key feature of organelles:

______ chemicals and ______ so they proceed without interference.

A

Isolate

reactions

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25
Q

Smooth ER

A

ER without ribosomes

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26
Q

Site for synthesis of secretory proteins

A

RER-Rough ER

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27
Q

Power Plant

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

What organelle makes ribosomes?

A

Nucleus

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29
Q

The porous double membrane surrounding the cellular DNA is the _____.

A

Nuclear Envelope

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30
Q

Four things the cell membrane does:

A
  1. Physical barrier between ECF and ICF
  2. Regulates exchange of nutrients, wastes etc
  3. Monitors changes in the environment
  4. Provides structural support
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31
Q

Phospholipids and Cholesterol are _____.

A

membrane lipids

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32
Q

Cholesterol in the membrane …

A

contributes rigidity

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33
Q

The Harvard Cell Video demonstrated what?

A

The movement of molecules & ions across the cell membrane and into and out of the cell.

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34
Q

Define.

Primary factor affecting membrane transport

A

cell membrane permeability

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35
Q

Define.

Semipermeable membrane-

A

allows some substances to cross freely, prevents others from crossing

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36
Q

Define

Diffusion-

A

movement of solutes from a high concentration region to low concentration region until equilibrium is reached

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37
Q

Define

Active Process

A

requires ATP

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38
Q

Define

Passive Process

A

doesn’t require energy

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39
Q

Diffusion and Filtration are examples of

A

Passive membrane transport

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40
Q

Why can’t the ions diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

Because the ions have an electrical charge (they are polar). Lipid bilayer is non-polar and repulses charged ions.

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41
Q

What special feature allows cholesterol to pass the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer?

A

Cholesterol is non-polar and thus is lipid soluble.

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42
Q

Osmotic pressure exerted by a solution on a cell is called _____.

A

tonicity

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43
Q

A cell in isotonic solution

A

is a normal cell, not swelling or shrinking

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44
Q

Hypotonic solution causes a cell to

A

swell or gain water from the ECF

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45
Q

Hypertonic solution causes a cell to

A

shrink or lose water to the ECF

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46
Q

Process where solutes are aided across the membrane.

A

Carrier-mediated transport

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47
Q

A type of diffusion

*that requires no ATP

*where the solute is not lipid soluble

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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48
Q

Diffusion across a membrane that is not dependent on concentration gradients

A

Active Transport

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49
Q

Define.

Vesicular Transport

A

movement of substances, in vesicles, in and out of cells

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50
Q

List the 3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Phagocytosis
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51
Q

White bloods cells eating an infectious bacteria is an example of ______.

A

phagocytosis

52
Q

Process where the Golgi apparatus sends a vesicle full of protein to the membrane for secretion

A

Exocytosis

53
Q

What non-membranous organelle do you see?

A

Flagellum

54
Q

From left to right what kind process do you see?

A

Diffusion across a membrane that ends with equilibrium.

55
Q

Label A, B, C in this diagram.

A

A. Rough ER

B. Golgi Apparatus

C. Plasma Membrane

56
Q

Label this diagram.

A
57
Q

Label this diagram.

A
58
Q

Carrier Membrane Transport requires _________ _______ called carrier protein.

A

transmembrane protein

59
Q

Name the 2 types of Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport.

a. ???-no ATP, ex. Glucose Transport
b. ???-requires ATP, ex. Na+/K+ exchange pump

A

a. Facilitated Diffusion
b. Active Transport

60
Q

Vesicular transport requires a vesicle which is lipid packaged.

2 types include:

a. ??-begins at cell membrane
b. ?? begins at Golgi complex

A

a. Endocytosis
b. Exocytosis

61
Q

Extracellular Fluid + Extracellular Matrix = Extracellular Material

Cells + Extracellular Material = ???

A

Tissues

62
Q

Four types of tissues.

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Neural
63
Q

Tissues consist of a _______________ that perform a common function. The cells may be surrounded by _____.

A

group of specialized cells

extracellular material

64
Q

General Characteristics

  1. Epithelial tissue consists of ____ and ____ tissue (w/o blood vessels).
  2. Epithelial cells are continously _____.
  3. Epithelial tissue is found covering ______ that include skin, body cavities, ________, _______.
A
  1. glands / avascular
  2. replaced
  3. surfaces / digestive tract / respiratory tract
65
Q
A

Epithelial Tissue Functions

  • Provide physical protection
  • Control permeability
  • Provide sensation
  • Form Glands that produce specialized secretions
66
Q

Epithelial cells are _____ attached together forming a physical barrier. They are connected together by cell _____ molecules forming junctions.

Name 3 types of junctions.

A

tightly / adhesion

  1. tight junctions
  2. gap junctions
  3. desmosomes
67
Q
A
68
Q
A
69
Q

Functions of Epithelium.

  1. physical barrier protecting internal/ ____ tissues from external environment
  2. regulates ______- substances entering or leaving the body
  3. Detects changes in environment. Accomplishes this with _____ receptors and thermoreceptors located ____ in the epithelium
A
  1. deep
  2. permeability
  3. touch / deep
70
Q
A
  • deep tissue found throughout the body
  • very diverse, many different types
  • extracelluar material makes up most of the connective tissue
  • connective tissue is vascular
  • transports materials such as nutrients
  • stores energy
  • protects from foreign microorganisms
71
Q

List the subtypes of these 3 connective tissues

A
  • I. Connective tissue proper
    • a. Loose
    • b. Dense
  • II. Fluid connective tissue
    • a. Blood
    • b. Lymph
  • III. Supporting connective tissue
    • a. Hyaline cartilage
    • b. Elastic cartilage
    • c. Fibrocartilage
72
Q

Discuss Connective tissue proper

  • I. Examples of Cell types:
  • II. Fibers that form Extracellular matrix
    • a. collagen fibers
    • b. ______ fibers
    • c. ______ fibers
  • III. Extracellular fluid aka …
    • main function is to…
A
  • I. cell types: fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes
  • II. Fibers in ECM
    • a. collagen fibers
    • b. elastic fibers
    • c. reticular fibers
  • III. ECF aka ground substance
    • main function is to prevent bacteria from moving freely
73
Q

name and describe the specialized epithelial cells that produce secretions.

A

Exocrine glands -secretions thtare released outside the body. eg. milk, sweat

Endocrine system–secretions released into the surrounding tissues and blood. eg. hormones

74
Q

Fill in the blanks.

  1. Collagen Fibers–strong and ____
  2. Elastic Fibers–_________
  3. Reticular Fibers–Interwoven, ___
A
  1. unbranched
  2. stretchable and unbranched
  3. thin and unbranched
75
Q
A
76
Q

Fill in the blanks.

Extracellular Fluid is _____ like ____.

Fills the _____ between cells and _____.

Prevents ______ from moving freely.

Also known as _________.

A

thick like syrup

spaces / fibers

bacteria

ground substance

77
Q

Fill in the blanks.

Loose connective tissue

  • functions in _____ epithelia and blood vessels
  • _____ organs
  • includes _____ tissue
A
  • supporting
  • protects
  • adipose / fatty
78
Q

Fill in the blanks.

Dense Connective Tissue.

Strong tissue that functions in supporting ____, ____, ____.

Includes tendons and _____.

A

bones, muscles, organs

ligaments

79
Q

What do you find in the Fluid Connective Tissue?

A

red and white blood cells

plasma and lymph fluid

80
Q

Fill in the blanks.

Blood and Lymph fluid are examples of ____.

A

fluid connective tissues

81
Q
A

Dense regular connective tissue

82
Q
A
83
Q
A

Dense irregular connective tissue

84
Q

Identify the tissue type

List the types of cells found in the areolar tissue.

A

areolar tissue = connective tissue proper

I. Loose connective tissue

cells: fat cells, macrophages

II. Dense connective tissue

cells: tendons, ligaments, fibroblasts

85
Q

This cell type:

  1. synthesizes the ECM and collagen
  2. plays a critical role in wound healing
  3. is the most common cell in animals
  4. can migrate slowly over substratum
A

Fibroblasts

86
Q
A

Fluid Connective Tissue.

eg. Whole Blood, lymph fluid

87
Q

Identify the tissue type

Where can you find this tissue type?

A

Lymphatic capillary.

Throughout the body.

88
Q

What makes lymphatic capillaries unique?

A
89
Q

Identify the tissue type

General Characteristics.

Extracellular material is a dense ground substance.

Chondrocytes produce cartilage.

Osteoblasts produce bone.

A

Supporting Connective Tissue

90
Q

Fill in the Blank

3 types of cartilage

  1. _____- eg. ribs and sternum
  2. _____- eg. epiglottis
  3. _____- eg. spinal column, knee
A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. elastic cartilage
  3. fibrocartilage
91
Q

Osteocytes / Osteoblasts are Supporting Connective tissues that specialize in …

A

producing the extracellular matrix called bone

92
Q

Two types of bone:

A
  1. spongy bone
  2. compact bone
93
Q
A
94
Q

All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:

What shape does the skeletal muscle exhibit?

A

Skeletal muscle looks like packed straws, with the nucleus on the outer edge.

95
Q

All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:

What shape does the cardiac muscle exhibit?

A

Cardiac muscle is branched, with a central nucleus.

96
Q

All 3 types of muscle tissue contain contractile proteins, but they exhibit different shapes:

What shape does the smooth muscle exhibit?

A

Smooth muscle looks like an elongated eyeball (spindle shape), with the nucleus in the center.

97
Q
A

Skeletal muscle

98
Q
A

Cardiac Muscle cells

99
Q
A

Smooth muscle cells

100
Q

Identify me by this key characteristic.

My cells are short, spindle shaped, nonstriated with a single, central nucleus.

A

Smooth muscle tissue.

101
Q

Identify me by this key characteristic.

My cells are short branched, striated, usually a single nucleus.

A

Cardiac muscle tissue.

102
Q

Identify me by this key characteristic.

My cells are long, cylindrical, striated and multinucleate.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue.

103
Q
A

Compact Bone

104
Q
A

Skeletal muscle tissue under a microscope.

105
Q
A

Cardiac Muscle tissue under a microscope

106
Q
A

smooth muscle tissue under a microscope

107
Q

Identify me by my Location.

You will find me combined with connective tissues and neural tissues.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

108
Q

Identify me by my Location.

I’m found only in the Heart.

A

Cardiac muscle tissue.

109
Q

Identify me by my Location.

I’m found in the walls of:

blood vessels,

digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive organs

A

Smooth muscle tissue

110
Q
A
111
Q
A
112
Q
A

Remember both of these cell types are equally important.

113
Q

Label the receiver, control center, effector

A

Dendrite is the receiver

Cell body is the control center

Axon is the effector

114
Q

What tissue specializes in communication via electrical impulses?

A

Nervous tissue

115
Q

Nervous tissue

  • ______ the functions of most organs.
  • Consists of _____ and ____.
A
  • Regulates
  • Neurons (nerve cells)
  • Neuroglia (glial cells)
116
Q

Neuroglia provide ________ to neurons.

Such as _____, and _____ effect for communication signals.

A

support

nutrients / insulating

117
Q

Four types of Membranes.

A
  1. Mucous membrane
  2. Serous membrane
  3. Cutaneous membrane
  4. Synovial membrane
118
Q

Mucous membrane - protects ___ tissues

Secretes ___ that protects ____ tissue.

Lines ___ and ___ tracts.

A

underlying

mucus / epithelial

digestive / respiratory

119
Q

Serous membrane lines the subcavities of _______.

Reduces ______ between organs by providing cushioning with _______.

A

the ventral body cavity

friction

serous fluid

120
Q

This membrane is thick, waterproof and dry.

A

Cutaneous membrane.

121
Q

Sheet like structure that forms the surface of our bodies.

A

Cutaneous membrane.

122
Q

Synovial membrane – located at our _______

Secretes synovial fluid which ……

A

joints

lubricates joints to reduce friction

aids in smooth movement

123
Q

Synovial membrane is what type of tissue?

A

Epithelial connective tissue / Areolar tissue

124
Q

The structure of neural tissue helps in what functions?

A

Conducting Electrical Impulses

Carrying information

125
Q
A
126
Q
A
  • a. simple squamous epithelium
  • b. simple cuboidal epithelium
  • c. simple columnar epithelium
  • d. stratified squamous epithelium
  • e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
  • f. stratified columnar epithelium

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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