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Human Anatomy > Ch. 4 - Skin > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Melanin

A

Effects skin pigment and protects against UV light. Is a block for UV light, at the base of the epithelium? Helps to tan.

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2
Q

Carotene

A

Vitamin A precursor. Effects skin pigment, and you can get it from carrots

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3
Q

Smooth muscle sphincters

A

(Often?) in capillary loops. Regulate blood flow. This can be used to regulate heat loss. When you get cold they constrict to reduce blood flow, and regulate how much heat you lose

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4
Q

Function of skin

A
  • Protection: Barrier to bacteria; Cushioning
  • Thermoregulation: Sweating to loose heat, Hair to retain heat; sensory, Blood supply to capillaries
  • Sensation: Heat, cold, touch, pain, etc.
  • Excretion and absorption: Urea and ammonia
  • Vitamin D production
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5
Q

Vitamin D Production

A

UV light needed. There is a trade off, skin cancer or weak bones?

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6
Q

Melanin//Vitamin D trade off

A

Depending on ones geographic location, one may have higher or lower amounts of melanin and vitamin D. They are inversely related. Higher melanin leads to decreased vitamin D absorption

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7
Q

Arrestor pili

A

Muscles that help hairs stand up and lie flat

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8
Q

Structure of Skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, follicle, sebaceous gland, Arrector pili, sweat gland, fat

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Form the protective layer (keratin)`

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

Protection from ultraviolet light (melanin)

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11
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Immune response

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12
Q

Merkel cells

A

Touch sensation

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13
Q

Cells in the EPIDERMIS

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells

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14
Q

Layering of the epidermis

A

Ordered from nearest to furthest from the surface:

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale, Dermal papilla (dermis)

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15
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • Deepest layer
  • Stem cells (Mitosis)
  • Replaces lost skin cells
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16
Q

Stratum spinosum

A
  • Cells bound by desmosomes
  • Support for epidermis
  • Some mitosis
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17
Q

Stratum granulosum

A
  • Cells become squamous (flatten)
  • Fills with keratin
  • Produce lipids (waterproofing)
  • Apoptosis
18
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • Only in thick skin (lucid…)

- CLEAR layer of dead cells

19
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • Dead cells containing keratin
  • Multiple layers of overlapping cells for protection (Stratified)
  • Gradually lost off surface
20
Q

Thick Skin

A

Location: Palms, fingers, soles of feet

  • Thick stratum spinosum and corneum
  • Stratum lucidum is present
  • Dermal papillae: fingerprints
21
Q

Thin Skin

A

Location: Everywhere else

- Fewer dermal papillae

22
Q

Dermis

A

Two layers: Papillary, and reticular

23
Q

Papillary layer (Dermis)

A
  • Areoloar connective tissue and elastic fibers.
  • Many capillaries.
  • Loose tissue allows movement of WBC.
24
Q

Reticular layer (Dermis)

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue.
  • Collagen fibers in all directions.
  • Provides strength for the skin.
25
Q

Dermal papilla

A

Blood vessels in a dermal papilla reduces the distance to each cell
Nutrients can reach the cells and waste does not accumulate

26
Q

Capillary loops

A

Regulates heat loss through smooth muscle sphincters that regulate blood flow. The more blood, the more heat loss

27
Q

Color of skin

A

Determined by CAROTENE (vitamin A precursor) and MELANIN in melanocytes protects against ultraviolet

28
Q

Hair Follicle

A

Consists of the hair (Medulla, cortex, cuticle) and the follicle (interior and exterior epithelial root sheath, and dermal root sheath)

29
Q

Hair Growth

A

Papilla: Area of the hair with blood vessels going in for nutrients
Matrix: Stem cells going through mitosis
Melanocytes: produces melanin (melanin effects hair color)

Process: Cells rise up the hair follicle, becoming keratinized, then eventually die

30
Q

Nails

A

Consists of matrix, root, epinychium (provides a seal to protect), hyponychium, nail bed (blood), free edge

31
Q

Nail Growth

A

Similar to hair growth. As cells move from the matrix to the outside they fill up with keratin and die

32
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Secretes oil onto the hair cuticle

33
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Secretes sweat onto the skin

34
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Secretes sweat onto the hair

Located in the armpits and groin

35
Q

Deep Wound Healing

A

Inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation

36
Q

Inflammatory (Healing)

A

Blood clot to stop bleeding
Basophils signal the presence of bacteria through histamines
Histamines signal phagocytes and vasodilation increasing blood flow as an immune response mounts
WBC’s show up as well

37
Q

Migratory (Healing)

A

Scab forms
Migration of st. basale to close the wound
Fibroblasts (immature cells) migrate and divide, sitting on the edge of the wound making collagen and replacing the dermis
Blood vessels start to form in to bring living blood cells

38
Q

Proliferative (Healing)

A

Epidermis: Mitosis occurs to gradually replace cell layers
Dermis: fibroblasts multiply, replacing the collagen fibers to add strength

39
Q

Maturation (Healing)

A

Scab sloughs off
Organized collagen, but you get a scar because the collagen is not organized in the same way
Normal circulation

40
Q

Burns

A

1st degree = epidermis
2nd degree = dermis
3rd degree = hypodermis and beyond

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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