Ch. 19 Endocrine System

Question 1

Functions of the Endocrine System

Answer 1

Regulation:

Development and tissue maturation
Ion regulation
Water balance
Immune system
Heart rate and blood pressure
Blood glucose
Reproduction
Uterine contraction
Milk production and release

Question 2

Types of Hormones

Answer 2

Peptide (oxytocin)
From fatty acids (prostaglandin)
Steroids
Modified amino acids (T3 and T4)
Protein (insulin)

Question 3

Basic Characteristic of Hormones

Answer 3

They travel through the blood

Question 4

Hypothalamic hormones

Answer 4

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH): Peptide
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH): Peptide

Thyrotripin Releasing Hormone (TRH): Peptide

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH): Peptide

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Peptide

Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH): ??
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH): ??

Question 5

Pituitary Gland (Structures

Answer 5

Mammillary body
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary (Don’t need to know substructures)

Question 6

Pituitary hormones (posterior)

Answer 6

Antidiuretic hormone: Peptide
	Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys
Oxytocin: Peptide
	Uterine contractions, milk expulsion
	Males ???

Question 7

Pituitary hormones (anterior)

Answer 7

Growth Hormone (GH): Protein
	Most tissues; Growth
Lipotropins: Peptides
	Increased fat breakdown 
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Peptide
	Stimulate glucocorticoids
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Glycoprotein 
	Stimulate thyroid hormones
Lutinizing Hormone (LH): Glycoprotein
	Ovulation; Sperm production
Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Glycoprotein
	Follicles; Sperm production
Prolactin: Protein
	Milk production

Question 8

Functions of growth hormone

Answer 8

Determines height

Metabolism
Movement of amino acids into cells
Slows protein breakdown
Increases fat breakdown
Increased glucose neogenesis

Question 9

Thyroid hormones

Answer 9

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

Amino acid derivative
Stored in follicles
Transported by thyroxine-binding globulin (protein)
Diffuse into cytoplasm and bind with receptors

Regulates metabolism
Normal growth of hair, bone, connective tissue,
nervous tissue
TSH regulates the release of T3 and T4

Question 10

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 10

Too much thyroid hormone
Increased metabolic rate and appetite, weight loss
Sweating and warm skin
Protruding eyes
Increased heart rate, high blood pressure
Hyperactivity, weak skeletal muscles

Question 11

Hypothyroidism

Answer 11

Not enough thyroid hormone
	Decreased metabolic rate and appetite, weight gain
	Dry cold skin
	Swelling of face and body
	Slow heart rate, low blood pressure
	Apathy

i.e. Grave’s disease

Question 12

Goiter

Answer 12

Caused by a lack of iodine

Question 13

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 13

Located on the sides of the thyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Polypeptide hormone

Reculates Ca++ levels
Stimulates osteoclasts
Stimulates Ca++ reabsorption in the kidneys
Increased Vitamin D synthesis

Question 14

Hypocalcemia

Answer 14

Inactive glands
Opening of Na+ channels in plasma membrane
Flacid heart muscles

Question 15

Hypercalcemia

Answer 15

Abnormal function, diet
	Calcification of tissues (kidney stones)
	Weak bones
	Weak muscles
	Increased force of heart contraction

Question 16

Adrenal gland (Structure)

Answer 16

Cortex: (surface to deep) Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis
Medulla

Question 17

Zona Glomerulosa:

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 17

• Aldosterone: Steroid

- Increased Na+ reabsorption

Question 18

Zona fasciculata:

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 18

• Cortisol: Steroid

- Increase fat breakdown, protein breakdown glucose neogenesis

Question 19

Zona reticularis:

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 19

• Androgens: Steroid

- Pubic hair and sex drive in females

Question 20

Cushing’s disease

Answer 20

High glucocorticoid levels cause fat to accumulate in cheeks and on neck

Question 21

Adrenal medulla

Answer 21

Secretes:
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine (amino acid derivatives)

Effects:

• Increase heart rate and blood pressure
• Increased blood glucose levels
• Reduced digestive activity
• Fight or flight response

Question 22

The pancreas (Structures)

Answer 22

Pancreatic duct

Alpha (effects glucagon) and beta (effects insulin) cells

Question 23

Insulin (effects)

Answer 23

• Liver: Glycogen synthesis from glucose
• Adipose: Glycogen and fat synthesis from glucose
• Skeletal muscle: Glycogen synthesis from glucose
• Hypothalamus: Control of appetite

Question 24

Glucagon

Answer 24

• Liver: Breakdown of glycogen to free glucose
• Adipose: Breakdown of fats (high concentrations)
• Skeletal muscle: Little effect
• Hypothalamus: No effect

Question 25

Pineal Gland

Answer 25

Secretes: Melatonin

Light inhibits
Dark stimulates

Sleep cycles?