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Human Anatomy > Ch. 18 Senses > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Rods and cones

A

Folded disc membranes contain pigments that absorb light.

Rods: Most of visible spectrum

Cones: 3 types: Specific wavelengths of light Color vision

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2
Q

Structure of the Retina (Going deep)

A
  • Blood vessels and nerve fibers
  • Ganglion Cell
  • Interplexoform cell
  • Bipolar cell
  • Horizontal cell
  • Cone
  • Rod
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3
Q

Focus and accommodation

A

Refraction of light through the cornea and the lens

Change the shape of the lens and the focal point changes

We focus on near or distant objects

Lens flattens for distant objects, shortens for close objects

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4
Q

The optic chasm (binocular vision)

A

Images captured on the left side of both eyes are processed in the left visual cortex

A comparison of the images gives depth of view

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5
Q

Visceral Senses

A

Hunger, nausea, irritation, chemical, temperature, stretch, pain

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6
Q

Somatic Senses

A

Vibration, pressure, stretch, temperature, touch, pain

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7
Q

Sensory receptors (surface to deep)

A
  • Merkel discs (light touch)
  • Meissner corpuscle (touch, two point)
  • Free nerve ends (pain, itch, temp, movement)
  • Ruffini end organ (touch, stretch, pressure)
  • Follicle receptor (bending hair)
  • Pacinian corpuscle (pressure)
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8
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Responds to mechanical force

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9
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Responds to change in temperature

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10
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

Responds to chemicals

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11
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Responds to light (photons)

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12
Q

Nocireceptor

A

Responds to harm (damage)

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13
Q

Primary receptors (Responses)

A

The receptor is on the axon of the neuron and triggers an action potential

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14
Q

Secondary receptor (Responses)

A

The receptor has a synapse on the neuron and a chemical signal triggers action potential

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15
Q

Accommodation (adaptation)

Responses

A

Decreased sensitivity to a persistant stimulus

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16
Q

Special senses

A 
Senses that are confined to an organ
	Olfaction (smell)
	Taste
	Vision
	Hearing
	Balance
17
Q

Muscles of the eye

A 
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
18
Q

Superior rectus (muscle)

A

Elevates, medially deviates eye

19
Q

Medial rectus (muscle)

A

Medially deviates eye

20
Q

Lateral rectus (muscle)

A

Laterally deviates eye

21
Q

Inferior rectus (muscle)

A

Depresses, medially deviates eye

22
Q

Superior oblique (muscle)

A

Depresses, laterally deviates eye

23
Q

Inferior oblique (muscle)

A

Elevates, laterally deviates eye

24
Q

External ear

A

Function is to gather in the sound waves

25
Q

Middle ear

A

Where we transmit vibrations through to the inner ear

26
Q

Inner ear

A

Where we register sound

27
Q

Determining sound frequency

A

The thickness of the basilar membrane determines where a sound of a certain frequency passes through

Vibrations disturb hair cells opening K+ channels depolarizing hair cells

28
Q

Balance

A

Registered by the vestibule and the semicircular canals

29
Q

Olfactory Senses (Surface to deep)

A 
Olfactory vesicle
Cilia (olfactory hairs)
Dendrite
Olfactory neuron
Support cell
Basal cell
Axon
Foramen in cribiform plate
Mitral cell
30
Q

Neuronal Pathways (Olfaction)

A
  1. Olfactory nerve fibers & Olfactory bulb
  2. Olfactory tract
  3. Medial olfactory area
  4. Intermediate olfactory area
  5. Lateral olfactory area
31
Q

Taste (Structures)

A

Epiglottis, Palatine tonsil, Vallate papilla, Filiform papilla, Dorsum, Foliate papilla

32
Q

Taste buds (Surface to deep)

A
  • Taste pore
  • Gustatory hairs
  • Taste cell
  • Support cell
  • Basal cell
  • Sensory Neuron
33
Q

Neuronal Pathways (Taste)

A
  • Vagus (X)
  • Glossopharyngeal IX
  • Facial VII
  • Trigeminal V

All go to the Thalamus, then to Taste area of cortex

34
Q 
Lacrimal apparatus (tears)
Pathway
A
  1. Lacrimal gland
  2. Lacrimal ducts
  3. Punctum
  4. Lacrimal canaliculi
  5. Lacrimal sac
  6. Nasolacrimal duct
35
Q

Visible light

A

380-750nm

36
Q

Neuronal Pathways: Hearing

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve to cochlear nucleus

To the olivary nucleus or the inferior colliculus

To the thalamus

To the auditory cortex

37
Q

Neuronal Pathways: Balance

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve to vestibular nucleus

To cerebellum that affects postural muscles

To motor nuclei that control eye movement

To thalamus

To vestibular area of cortex

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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