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Human Anatomy > Ch. 16 Brain > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Brain

A

Nerve tracts: Myelinated; white matter

Bring information into the brain (sensory)

Transport information out of the brain (motor)

Transport information among the centers of the brain

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2
Q

Nuclei

A

Small centers of brain function; processing non-myelinated, gray matter

Sort incoming information or outgoing information into the appropriate areas or nerves

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3
Q

Cerebellum

A

Function: Muscle coordination.

Consists of arbor vitae, folia, anterior and posterior lobes

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

Process sensory information, speech and language, emotions, etc.

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5
Q

Ventricles

A

Interventricular foramen
Lateral (anterior, posterior, inferior)
Third

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6
Q

Brain Stem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A 
Contains nuclei for processing of basic information
	Cranial nerves (V, IX, X, XI, XII)
	Heart rate			Respiration
	Swallowing			Vomiting
	Coughing 			Sneezing

Structures: Pyramids, decussate, olive

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8
Q

Pons

A
  • Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts
  • Nuclei relay information to cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Nuclei for cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII, IX)
  • Sleep center and respiratory center
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9
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon) Structures

A

Tectum, Tegmentum, Superior colliculus, Medial lemniscus, Red nucleus

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10
Q

Reticular formation

A

Several nuclei in the brain stem

Regulate cycles such as the sleep cycle

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Similar to blood serum without the proteins
  • Circulation in the brain (nutrients, waste and signals)
  • Cushioning for the brain
  • Blood brain barrier prevents movement of most molecules into the CSF
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12
Q

Meninges (Surface to Deep)

A

Protective Coverings:

  • Dura Mater
  • Subdural space
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Pia Mater
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13
Q

Dura mater

A

Very tough connective tissue; dense irregular connective tissue. Bound to bones of skull

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14
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Wispy, spider-web like

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15
Q

Pia mater

A

Membrane bound to surface of brain

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16
Q

Subdural space

A

Small space containing serous fluid

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17
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Blood vessels present, contains cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Highly permeable capillaries in the ventricles.

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19
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes wrap around capillaries and tightly control the environment of the neurons.

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20
Q

Pyramids

Structure on Medulla Oblongata

A

Descending nerve tracts for control of skeletal muscles

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21
Q

Decussate

Structure on Medulla Oblongata

A

Forms an X in nerve tracts. Brain hemispheres control opposite side of the body

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22
Q

Olive

Structure on Medulla Oblongata

A

Nuclei involved in Balance, Coordination, Sound from ear

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23
Q

Tectum

Structure in the midbrain

A

consists of quadrigemina colliculus:

  • Two superior colliculi: Visual reflexes (head turns toward light)
  • Two inferior colliculi: Auditory reflex (head turns toward sound)
24
Q

Tegmentum

Structure in the midbrain

A

carries information from spinal cord to brain

25
Q

Red nuclei

Structure in the midbrain

A

Regulate and coordinate motor activities

26
Q

Cerebral peduncle

Structure in the midbrain

A

Descending tracts carrying motor

information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

27
Q

Superior, middle and inferior peduncles

Structure of the cerebellum

A

Nerve tracts connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

28
Q

Folia

Structure of the cerebellum

A

Ridges in the cerebellar cortex

29
Q

Arbor vitae

Structure of the cerebellum

A

White matter (nerve tracts)

30
Q

The flocculonodular lobe

Structure of the cerebellum

A

Balance and eye movement

31
Q

Medial portion of hemispheres

Structure of the cerebellum

A

Posture, locomotion and fine motor control

32
Q

Lateral hemispheres

Structure of the cerebellum

A

planning, practice and learning complex movement

33
Q

Diencephalon Structures

A
  • Corpus callosum
  • Pineal gland
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
34
Q

Thalamus

A

ALL sensory neurons (except olfaction) go through the thalamus projections into the cerebral cortex

i. e.
- Medial geniculate nucleus: Auditory
- Lateral geniculate nucleus: Visual
- Ventral posterior nucleus: Other sensory
- Ventral anterior and posterior nuclei: Motor function
- Anterior and medial nuclei: Fear, rage through limbic
- Lateral dorsal nucleus: Emotions
- Lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei: Sensory

35
Q

Subthalamus

A
  • Contains nerve tracts (ascending and descending)

- Subthalamic nuclei: Control motor functions

36
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • Habenular nuclei: Emotional response to odors

- Pineal gland: Onset of puberty? Sleep cycle

37
Q

Hypothalamus (Structures)

A
  • Mammillary bodies
  • Infundibulum
  • Pituitary gland
38
Q

Hypothalamus (Functions)

A
  • Autonomic: Heart rate, urine release, digestive movement, blood vessel diameter
  • Endocrine: Central control for the endocrine system
  • Muscle control: Swallowing and shivering
  • Body temperature: Sweat, shivering, where aspirin reduces fever
  • Food and water intake: Hunger and thirst centers
  • Emotions: Fear and rage
  • Sleep cycle: Jet lag?
39
Q

Cerebrum (Some Structures)

A
  • Sulcus and gyrus
  • Cerebral cortex (surface)
  • Cerebral medula (deep)
40
Q

Cerebrum Fibers

A

Commissural fibers: Corpus callosum, connects right and left hemispheres
Association fibers: Connections within a hemisphere
Projection fibers: connections to spinal cord

41
Q

Limbic system

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

Function: Memory, reproduction, nutrition, emotions

42
Q

Olfactory Nerve (I)

A

Sensory nerves associated with smell

Goes from the inside of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb

43
Q

Optic nerve (II)

A

Sensory nerves associated with vision

Goes through the optic foramen/canal

44
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III)

A

Motor neurons to most of the muscles that move the eye

Parasympathetic (autonomic) to the sphincter of the pupil and ciliary muscle of the lens

Goes through the superior orbital fissure

45
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV)

A

Motor neuron for one muscle (superior oblique) in the eye (as opposed to four like the other nerve)

Named trochlear because of where the muscle connects, the trochlea

Goes through the superior orbital fissure

46
Q

Trigeminal (V)

A

Tri = three major nerve branches: forehead, maxilla, and mandible

Mixed motor and sensory neurons

47
Q

Ophthalmic branch

Trigeminal

A

Superior orbital fissure

Sensory from scalp and forehead

48
Q

Maxillary branch

Trigeminal

A

Foramen rotundum

Sensory from upper jaw, teeth, nasal cavity, upper lip

49
Q

Mandibular branch

Trigeminal

A

Foramen ovale

Sensory from lower jaw, teeth, tongue, chin, temporal region

Motor to masseter, temporalis, digastric, etc.

50
Q

Abducent nerve (VI)

A

Motor neuron to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye (abducts the eye)

51
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

A

Internal auditory meatus and Stylomastoid foramen

Sensory for taste, external ear, palate

Motor function for facial muscles, facial expression

Parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, glands in nasal cavity

52
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

Internal auditory meatus

Sensory for hearing and balance

(Cochlea is the shell looking thing that is where you hear; Vestibular is sensory for balance)

53
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

A

Sensory for taste, pharynx, palatine tonsils, tongue, middle ear

Motor for stylopharyngeus

Parasympathetic for parotid salivary glands, glands on tongue

(Pharynx and tongue; Has to do with glands and taste, throat and tongue)

54
Q

Vagus nerve (X)

A

Jugular foramen

Sensory from pharynx, larynx, abdominal organs, taste

Motor function to soft palate, voice, tongue

Parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal organs

55
Q

Accessory nerve (XI)

A

Motor function for trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Foramen magnum & Jugular foramen

(Motor neurons that move your neck)

56
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A

Motor function for tongue and throat

Hypoglossal canal

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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