Ch. 4

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

adapt to changing enviro. in ways that genes didn’t prepare one for and helps them survive

Question 2

2 stable enviro. conditions

Answer 2

1) infants are born to mothers who offer nutrition by breast-feeding

2) mothers carry infant

Question 3

2 learning types

Answer 3

1) habituation

2) Pavlovian
-allows one to predict when US will occur

Question 4

Moro reflex

Answer 4

infant experiences sudden loss of head support (stimulus events)

-extends head and widely spreads arms with palms in front, fingers extended, thumbs flexed

Question 5

Palmar grasp reflex

Answer 5

one places pinky finger into palm of an infant and lift

-it’s strong enough to hold its weight

Question 6

elicits

Answer 6

stimulus occasions reflex response

Question 7

swimming reflex

Answer 7

hold breath and open eyes when submerged in water

Question 8

rooting reflex

Answer 8

move mouth to eliciting object touching cheek when infant is hungry

Question 9

suckling reflex

Answer 9

elicited by object, typically mother’s nipple, that passes lips

Question 10

parachute reflex

Answer 10

elicited by sensation of falling forward, infant extends arms in front, breaking fall

Question 11

respiratory occlusion reflex

Answer 11

elicited by lack of oxygen, the infant pulls head backward, brushes face with hands and cries, which may remove breathing obstruction

Question 12

corneal reflex

Answer 12

object or puff of air enters eye and elicits rapid eye-blink

Question 13

withdrawal reflex

Answer 13

quickly remove arm from danger

Question 14

startle reflex

Answer 14

elicited by loud noises

Question 15

salivary reflex

Answer 15

elicited by taste in mouth

Question 16

milk let-down reflex

Answer 16

elicited by infant sucking at nipple, mother releases milk into infant’s mouth

Question 17

habituation

Answer 17

reduction in responding following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

Question 18

nature

Answer 18

phylogenetic influences

Question 19

nurture

Answer 19

learning

Question 20

“nature only”

Answer 20

completely reflexive actions, behavior elicited lockstep by enviro. stimuli

-no learning

Question 21

evokes

Answer 21

other instance of behavior influenced by stimulus

Question 22

neutral stimulus

Answer 22

stimulus doesn’t occasion response

Question 23

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 23

stimulus that elicits response w/ no prior learning

Question 24

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 24

response reliably elicited by US

Question 25

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 25

former neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response

Question 26

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 26

response evoked by CS, may not be same as UR

Question 27

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 27

previously neutral stimuli evoke unwanted emotions

Question 28

1st thing learned in Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 28

CS signals delay reduction to US

Question 29

delay reduction

Answer 29

time (delay) next to US event is less than it was before CS occurred

Question 30

2nd thing learned in Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 30

CS signals when US is coming

Question 31

3rd thing learned in Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 31

CS signals which US is coming

Question 32

4 empirically supported principles that increase the efficacy of Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 32

1) use important US -the more phylogenetically important the US, the more effective is Pavlovian conditioning 2) use salient CS -Pavlovian conditioning will proceed quickly if CS is noticeable by using a novel stimulus 3) use CS that signals a big delay reduction to US -Pavlovian learning proceeds quickly and generates CS that reliably evokes CR when CS signals a large delay reduction to CS 4) Make sure CS isn't redundant -concerns informativeness of CS -uniquely signal delay reduction to US -if another CS signals this delay reduction, new stimulus redundant and unlikely to acquire CS function

Question 33

delay-reduction ratio

Answer 33

1) determine average time between US events 2) measure CS->US interval 3) enter 2 values into delay reduction ratio

Question 34

blocking effect

Answer 34

previously acquired CS blocked redundant NS from acquiring CS function

Question 35

application of 4 principles of effective Pavlovian conditioning to PTSD

Answer 35

1) near-death experiences in combat zone or abuse at perpetrator are phylogenetically important US events -elicit emotions and fight-or-flight 2) CS evoking conditioned emotional responses are salient 3) salient stimuli evokes debilitating emotions and fight-or-flight responding if they signal a large delay reduction to US

Question 36

Pavlovian generalization

Answer 36

conditioned responding to novel stimulus that resembles CS

Question 37

discrimination

Answer 37

CS is only stimulus that evokes CR, stimuli that resemble CS are ineffective

Question 38

overgeneralization

Answer 38

CS evokes CR but so does other stimuli that resembles CS

Question 39

Pavlovian extinction repeatedly

Answer 39

repeatedly present CS w/o presenting US -CS would no longer signal or delay reduction to US -reduction or elimination of CS ability to evoke CR

Question 40

graduated exposure therapy

Answer 40

client is gradually exposed to successively stronger approximations of CS -before each CS-approximation is presented, steps are taken to reduce or eliminate fear evoked by prior CS-approximation -most effective treatment for human phobias

Question 41

spontaneous recovery

Answer 41

increase in conditioned responding following passage of time since Pavlovian extinction

Question 42

3 factors of spontaneous recovery

Answer 42

1) more time that passes between Pavlovian extinction/exposure sessions, the more spontaneous recovery will occur 2) spontaneous recovery decreases as more Pavlovian extinction sessions are conducted 3) less spontaneous recovery will occur if each Pavlovian extinction session is continued until the CS no longer evokes CR

Question 43

Pavlovian extinction will be more effective when?

Answer 43

1) several sessions conducted 2) sessions conducted often 3) sessions continued until CS no longer evokes CR

Question 44

2 examples of Pavlovian conditioning that influence behavior

Answer 44

1) taste-aversion learning 2) advertising

Question 45

one-trial learning

Answer 45

CS (taste) acquires ability to evoke CR (revulsion) after one encounter with CS->US (illness) relation

Question 46

CS-US predictions

Answer 46

1) CS is coming 2) when US will occur 3) what US will be