Ch. 13

Question 1

choice

Answer 1

voluntary behavior occurring in context in which alternative behaviors are possible

Question 2

4 variables affecting choice

Answer 2

1) reinforcement vs. no consequence
-reinforcement > no consequence

2) reinforcer size/quality
-individuals choose larger (higher-quality) reinforcers over smaller (lower-quality) reinforcers

3) effort
-individuals choose low-effort reinforcers > high-effort reinforcers

4) reinforcer delay

Question 3

substitute reinforcer

Answer 3

reinforcer that’s increasingly consumed when access to other reinforcer is constrained

Question 4

2 ways to increase proportion of behavior allocated to B1 or decrease undesired behavior

Answer 4

1) increase R1
-ensure socially desired behavior is reinforced more often

2) decrease R2
-get rid of other substitute reinforcers

Question 5

matching law hypothesis

Answer 5

more attention allocated to stimuli predictive of higher rates of reinforcement

-less attention allocated to stimuli predictive of lower rates of reinforcement

Question 6

impulsive choice

Answer 6

choosing smaller-sooner reward

-has immediacy

Question 7

self-control choice

Answer 7

choosing larger-later reward and foregoing smaller-sooner reward

-delayed

Question 8

delay discounting curve

Answer 8

hyperbola shape

-predicted by version of matching law discounting delayed reinforcers

Question 9

2 methods for reducing impulsive choice

Answer 9

1) commitment strategy
-engineering enviro. to improve choices in advance

2) delay-exposure training
-works through learning