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BIO 224 > Ch. 24 > Flashcards

Ch. 24 Flashcards

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1
Q

Digestive tract

Aka?

A

a tube extending from the mouth to anus

gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

*primary organs that secrete fluid into the digestive tract

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3
Q

What are the organs of digestive tract?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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4
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion and mastication
  2. Propulsion and mixing
  3. Secretion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
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5
Q

What are ingestion and mastication?

A
  • *Ingestion** - the intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach
  • *Mastication** - the process by which the teeth chew food in the mouth to begin the process of digestion
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6
Q

What are propulsion and mixing?

What are the 3 propulsive movements?

What are the 2 mixing contractions?

A

Propulsion is the movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other

Mixing is the movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract, without forwarding movement

Propulsive movements:
Swallowing - moves food or liquid from oral cavity to esophagus
Peristalsis - Propels material through most of the digestive tract
Mass movements - contractions that move material in the distal parts of the large intestine to the anus

  • Mixing contractions*
  • *Mixing waves** - gentle contractions that churn the food with gastric secretions
  • *Segmental Contractions** - mix food particles with digestive secretions in the small intestine
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7
Q

What is secretion?

What are the 3 main secretions?

A

added to lubricate, liquefy, buffer, and digest food as it moves through the digestive tract

  • *Mucous** - lubricates food and lining of the tract/lubricates epithelial cells from damage
  • *Water** - liquefies food making it easier to digest
  • *Enzymes** - breakdown large food molecules into smaller molecules
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8
Q

What is digestion?

What are the 2 processes of digestion?

A

The breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts

  • *Mechanical** - mastication and mixing of food
  • *Chemical** - digestive enzymes secreted along the digestive tract
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9
Q

What is absorption?

A

movement of molecules out of the digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system

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10
Q

What is elimination?

A

the process by which the waste products of digestion are removed from the body

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11
Q

What are the 4 tunics of the digestive tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucousa
  3. Muscularis
    Serosa or adventia
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of glands associated with the digestive tract?

A
  1. unicellular mucous glands in mucosa
  2. multicellular glands in mucosa and submucosa
  3. Multicellular glands outside of digestive tract
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13
Q

What 3 layers does the mucosa consist of

and what specialized cells are there?

A
  1. inner mucous epithelium - stratified squamous in mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, and anal canal. Simple squamous in rest of digestive tract
  2. Loose connective tissue called lamina propria
  3. Thin outer layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosa

Specialized cells: mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is the submucosa?

What is the submucosal plexus?

What 2 organs of digestive system lack submucosal plexus?

A

Deep to the mucosa - a thick connective tissue layer that contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and small glands

Submucosal plexus - network of nerve cells consisting of axons, neuron cells bodies and glial cells. Main function is to regulate secretions

Esophagus and stomach lack submucosal plexus

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16
Q

What is the muscularis layer?

What is the myenteric plexus and its function?

Specialized interstitial cells?

A

A muscular layer deep to the mucosa and submucosa, consisting of a inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle

Myenteric plexus is between the 2 muscle layers and controls the motility of the intestinal tract. Consisting of axons, neuron cell bodies and glial cells.

Within the myenteric plexus, are specialized interstitial cells which form a network of pacemakers, which promote rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle along the digestive tract

17
Q

What makes up the Enteric nervous system or enteric plexus?

A

submucosal and myenteric plexuses together - which controls secretion and movement

18
Q

What is the 4th layer of the digestive tract?

A

part located in the peritoneal cavity have a SEROSA - called VISCERAL PERITONEUM- thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous

when digestive tract is derived from adjacent connective tissue it is called ADVENTITIA - esophagus and retroperitoneal organs

19
Q

What are the 3 major types of enteric neurons?

A
  1. enteric sensory neurons - detect changes in the chemical composition of digestive tract or mechanical changes such as stretch
  2. enteric motor neurons - stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion
  3. enteric interneurons - connect sensory and motor neurons
20
Q

What are the serous membranes of the abdominal cavity called?

What is the serous membrane that covers the organ called?

What is the serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal wall called?

What is peritonitis?

what is an accumulation of excess serous fluid in peritoneal cavity called?

A

peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

parietal peritoneum

potentially life-threatening inflammation of the peritoneal membranes

ascites

21
Q

What are mesenteries?

what is the mesentery associated with small intestine?

What is the mesentery associated with colon?

What mesentery is associated with the appendix?

A

connective tissue sheets that hold organs in place

Mesentery proper - small intestine

transverse mesocolon - transverse colon to posterior body wall & sigmoid mesocolon

Mesoappendix

22
Q

The oral cavity is divided into what 2 regions?

A

Vestibule - space between lips or cheeks and teeth

Oral cavity proper - medial to the teeth

BIO 224 (20 decks)

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