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BIO 224 > Ch. 22 > Flashcards

Ch. 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

The lymphatic system has what 3 main functions?

A
  1. Fluid balance
  2. Lipid absorption
  3. Defense
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2
Q

Lymph

A

The fluid that leaves the blood. It contains solutes derived from substances in the plasma, such as ions, nutrients, gases, and some proteins, also hormones, enzymes and waste products

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3
Q

Lacteals?

Chyle?

A

Lymphatic vessels located in the lining of the digestive tract

*absorbs lipids and other substances from the digestive tract

Chyle is lymph passing through lymphatic vessels and it appears white due to lipid content

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4
Q

The lympathatic system includes?

A

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus

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5
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Tiny vessels that collect and filter fluid from your bodies cells and tissues

Help maintain blood pressure, volume and prevent build up

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6
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

lymphatic capillaries join to form larger lymphatic vessels which resemble small veins

have 1 way valves

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7
Q

Lymph moves through the lymphatic vessels by what 3 mechanisms?

A
  1. Contraction of lymphatic vessels - smooth muscles contract via pacemaker cells
  2. Contraction of skeletal muscles

3. Thoracic pressure changes - during inspiration & exoiration

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8
Q

Lymph nodes

A

round, oval or bean-shaped bodies distributed along various lymphatic vessels

-filter lymph

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9
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

lymphatic vessels converge to form lymphatic trunks which drains lymph from a major portion of the body

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10
Q

What are the 5 main lymphatic trunks

A
  1. Jugular trunk - drain lymph from the head and neck
  2. Subclavian trunk - drain lymph from the upper limbs, superficial thoracic wall and mammary glands
  3. Bronchomediastinal trunk- drain lymph from the thoracic organs and deep thoracic wall

4. Intestinal trunks - drain lymph from the abdominal organs such as intestines, stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver

5. Lumbar trunk - drain lymph from the lower limbs, pelvic and abdominal walls, pelvic organs, ovaries or testes, kidneys and adrenal glands

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11
Q

Lymphatic ducts

A

larger vessles where lymphatic trunks join, which then connect to large veins

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12
Q

Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct

A

Right lymphatic duct - drains from right side of head, upper right limb and right thorax

Thoracic duct - largest lymph vessel, drains from entire left side of body and right side inferior to the thorax

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13
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

a sac formed by lymphatic trunks

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14
Q

Lymphatic tissue consists of

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells, reticular fibers

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15
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

A

aggregates of nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue found in and beneath the mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts

lymphatic tissue here is well-positioned to intercept microorganisms as they enter the body

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16
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

contains dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages and other cells

Has no clear boundary and blends with surrounding tissues

located deep to mucous membranes, around lymphatic nodules and within lymph nodes and spleen

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17
Q

Lymphatic nodules

A

denser arrangements of lymphatic tissue organized into compact spherical structures

Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems

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18
Q

Peyer patches

A

aggregations of lymphatic nodules in the distal half of small intestine

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19
Q

Tonsils

A

large groups of lymphatic nodules that diffuse lymphatic tissue

located deep to mucous membranes in the pharynx

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of tonsils?

A

Palatine tonsils - relatively large, on each side of oral cavity and the pharyns

Pharyngeal tonsils - collection of closely aggregated lymphatic nodules near nasal cavity and pharynx

lingual tonsils - on posterior surface of tounge

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21
Q

What are lymph nodes?

What are the 2 types of lymph nodes?

what surrounded each lymph node?

A

Lymph nodes are small round structures that filter the lymph

Superificial - in subcutaneous tissue

Deep - every where else

a capsule with trabeculae (internal skeleton)

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22
Q

what are afferent lymphatic vessels?

What are efferent lymphatic vessels?

A

Afferent carry lymph to the lymph nodes

Efferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph away from lymph nodes

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23
Q

Spleen - function

Size?

Location?

White pulp?

Red pulp?

A

The organ that destroys defective red blood cells, detecting and responding to foreign substances in the blood, acting as a blood reservoir

Size of a clenched fist

located in the superior part of the abdominal cavity

White pulp is lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen

Red pulp is associated with veins within the spleen

24
Q

What are the spleens main 3 function and how does it carry those functions out?

A
  1. Destorying defective red blood cells - Defective red blood cells lose their ability to bend and fold so they rupture as they pass through and macrophages phagocytes them
  2. Detect foreign substances - Foreign substances passing through the spleen stimulate an immune response from the lymphocytes
  3. Act as blood reservoir - Splenic cords are a limited reservoir
25
Q

splenectomy

A

removal of the spleen

26
Q

Thymus - location?

Function?

Thymic corpusles?

A

Bilobed gland located in superior mediastinum - has compartments of lymphocytes

Function - developement of regulatory T cells

Thymic corpusels function in the development of regulatory T cells which suppress the body immune response and protect against auto immune diseases

27
Q

Define immunity

A

Immunity is the ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms; harmful chemicals and internal threats

28
Q

What is innate immunity?

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time

Adaptive immunity the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances but the response to them is faster and stronger each time

29
Q

What is specificity?

Which immunity is it related to

A
30
Q

What are the 3 main components of innate immunity?

A
  1. Physical barrier - prevent entry of disease by skin, muscous membrane. (tears, saliva, urine all wash away microorganisms)
  2. Chemical mediators - lysosomes, histamine, interferons, complements
  3. Phagocytosis - neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils
31
Q

What is a complement protein?

A

a group of about 20 proteins that protect the body by destroying abnormal cells or enchanting other components of immunity

* Make up approx 10% of the globulin part of plasma proteins

*can also cause inflammation, act as chemical signals attracting other cells to sites of injury or infection

32
Q

What is a membrane attack complex (MAC)?

A

produces a channel through a cells plasma membrane that ultimately destroys the cell

33
Q

What is opsonization?

A

complement proteins can attach to surface of bacterial cells and stimulate macrophages to phagocytize bacteria

34
Q

What are interferons

A

Proteins that protect the body against viral infections and perhaps some form of cancer

35
Q

White blood cells

are produced where?

attracted to chemical signals called?

A

most important cellular components in the immune system

produced in the red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue and released into the blood

chemoctactic factors

36
Q

What is an inflammatory response?

A

a complex sequence of events involving many of the chemical mediators and cells of innate immunity

37
Q

Local inflammation

Systemic inflammation

A

an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body

systemic inflammation is an inflammatory response that occurs in many parts of the body

38
Q

What are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are….

what are the 2 types of antigens?

A

Antigens

Foreign antigens and self antigens

39
Q

What are foreign antigens?

What are Self antigens?

A

Foreign antigens are not produced by the body but are introduced from outside

Self antigens are molecules that the body produces to stimulate an adaptive immune system response

40
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

What is autoimmune disease?

A

Allergic reaction is an overreaction of the immune system

Autoimmune disease is when self antigens stimulate unwanted tissue damage

41
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity?

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity involves proteins called antibodies which are found in extracellular fluids

Cell-mediated immunity involves actions of T cells

42
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells?

What are helper T cells?

What are regulatory T cells?

A

Cytotxic T cells are responsible for producing the effects of cell-mediated immunity

Helper T cells & regulatory T cells promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity

43
Q

The thymus releases what hormone which stimulates T cell maturation?

A

Thymosin

44
Q

What is the positive selection process?

What is the negative selection process?

What is a clone?

A

Positive selection process involves survival of pre-B and Pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response

Negative selection process eliminates or suppresses clones acting against self antigens

Clones are small groups of identical lymphocytes which respond to same anitgen

45
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

what are secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Primary lymphatic organs are red bone marrow and thymus

Secondary lymphatic organs are lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen

46
Q

Antigenic determinants or epitopes?

The lymphocytes of a given clone have on their surface identical proteins called?

A

Specific regions of the antigen that lymphocytes interact with

Antigen receptors

47
Q

T cell antigen receptor consists of..

B cell antigen receptors consist of..

A

2 polypeptide chains subdivided into variable region and constant region

4 polypeptide chains with 2 identical variable regions

48
Q

What is major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC)?

What are the 2 classes of MHC?

A

are glycoproteins found on the plasma membranes of most of the body cells. Each MHC molecule has a variable region that can bind antigens found inside the cell

MHC class 1 molecules and MHC class II molecules

49
Q

MHC class 1 molecules are found on….Cells? and function how?

MHC class II molecules are found on?

A

MHC class 1 molecules are found on nucleated cells and display antigens produced inside the cell on the cells surface

Antigen presenting cells (B cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells) they take foreign antigens by endocytosis where its broken down into fragments to form processed antigens which produce a stimulation for more immune cells

50
Q

What is the process of lymphocyte proliferation>

A
  1. Proliferation of helper T cells
  2. Proliferation and activation of B cells or cytotoxic T cells
51
Q

What is tolerance?

A

a state of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific anitgen

52
Q

What are 3 ways tolerance can be induced?

A
  1. deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes
  2. Prevention of the activation of lymphocytes
  3. activation of regulatory T cells
53
Q

What is the variable region?

What is the constant region?

A

Variable region is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigenic determinants of the antigen

The constant region is the rest of the antibody which is responsible for the activities of the antibodies

54
Q

What are the 3 effects of antibodies?

A
  1. Stimulates inflammation; attracts neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and eosinophils to sites of infection and kills by lysis
  2. Inflammation; release chemicals via exocytosis; produces swelling and increased mucous
  3. act as opsonins by connecting a antigen to a macrophage then it gets phagocytized
55
Q

What is a primary response?

what is a secondary response?

A

primary response is the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen. It includes a series of cell divisions, cell differentiation and antibody production

Secondary response or memory response occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response

56
Q
A

BIO 224 (20 decks)

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