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BIO 224 > Ch. 21 > Flashcards

Ch. 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do the pulmonary vessels carry blood?

A

transport blood from right ventricle through lungs and back to left atrium

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2
Q

Where to the systemic vessels carry blood to and from?

A

transport blood from left ventricle through all parts of body and back to right atrium

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3
Q

What are the 5 unique functions of circulatory system?

A
  1. Carry blood
  2. Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
  3. Transport substances
  4. Helps regulate blood pressure
  5. Directs blood flow to tissues
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4
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

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5
Q

What are the layers of blood vessel walls from superifical to deep?

A

Tunica adventitis
Tunica media
Tunica intima

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6
Q

What are the 4 layers of the tunica intima?

A

Endothelium
basement membrane
thin layer of connective tissue - lamina propria
internal elastic membrane (separates from next layer)

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7
Q

What is the tunia media made of?

A

Smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around blood vessel and can be regulated by contraction or relaxation

Also contains elastic and collagen fibers.

External elastic membrane separates tunia media from tunia adventitia

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8
Q

What is vasocontriction? and Vasodialation?

A

Vasoconstriction is smooth muscle contraction and causes decrease in blood vessel diameter

Vasodialation is smooth muscle relaxation and results in increase in blood vessel diameter

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What is the tunia adventitia made of

A

connective tissue, which varies from dense to to loose

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11
Q

What do arteries do?

What are the 3 classifications of arteries?

A

Carry blood from the heart

  1. elastic arteries
  2. musclular arteries
  3. arterioles
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12
Q

What is the process of blood flow from ventricles, where does it go?

A

Ventricles to large elastic arteries that branch for form many smaller arteries. The smaller arteries (muscluar arteries) are made of less elastic and more smooth muscle. The smaller arteries lead to arterioles

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13
Q

What are the charateristics of elastic arteries?

A

Large diameter

High pressure

When stretched they recoil, can withstand high pressure and low due to diastolic and systoilc activity

Greater amount of elastic, smaller amount of smooth muscle

Tunia intima is thick, tunia media intermeshed with collagen, elastic and smooth muscle, Tunia adventita is thin

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14
Q

What are the charateristics of muscular arteries?

A

Medium & small arteries

Thick tunia media, 25-40 layers of smooth muscle

disturbing arteries - allowing them to partially regulate blood flow to different body regions by constricting or dialating

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15
Q

What are the charateristics of arterioles?

A

smallest arteries

Transport blood from small arteries to capillaries

Capable of constriction and dialation

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16
Q

What are the charateristics of capillaries?

A

most common type of blood vessel

carries blood from arteroiles

Capillary wall consist primarly of a single layer of endothelial cell that rest on basement membrane covered in loose connective tissue

Scattered along length of capillary are pericapillary cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, undifferentiated smooth muscle cells)

Most red blood cells flow single file and are frequently folded

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17
Q

pericapillary cells

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, undifferentiated smooth muscle cells that are found along the lenght of capillary and found inbetween basement membrane and endothelial cell

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18
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify capillaries?

A
  1. continous
  2. fenestrated
  3. sinusoidal
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19
Q

What are the charateristics of continous capillaries?

A

walls exhibit no gaps between endothelial cells

less permeable to large molecules

they are in muscle, nervous and many other locations

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20
Q

What are the charateristics of fenestrated capillaries?

A

endothelial cells have numerous fenestrae - areas with no cytoplasm or membrane -

highly permeable

found in intestinal villi, ciliary processes of the eyes, chorid plexuses of central nervous system, glomeruli of kidney

21
Q

What are the charateristics of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

larger than continous or fenestrated capillaries

basement membrane less prominent or completely absent

fenestrae are larger and gaps can exist between endothelial cells

occur in places where large molecules move into blood. like endocrine glands

22
Q

What are sinusoids

What are venous sinuses

A

Sinusoids - large diameter sinusodial capillaries - common in liver and bone marrow

Venous sinuses - even larger in diameter than sinusoids, found primarily in spleen

23
Q

Where does blood flow from arterioles to capillary networks?

A

through metaterioles - vessels with isolated smooth muscle cells along their walls

then through thoroughfare channel - a vessle within capillary network that extends in a relatively direct fashion to a venule

24
Q

How is blood regulated in the capillary branches?

A

by precapillary sphincters - smooth muscle cells

25
Q

The ends of capillaries closest to the arterioles are called—–

the ends closest to the venules are called—-

A

Arterial capillaries

Venous capillaries

26
Q

Capillary networks are more numerous and more extensive in highly metabolic tissues such as,

what is the major function of capillaries in muscle tissues?

A

lungs, liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

major function in muscle tissue is nutirent and waste exchange

27
Q

What is a arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

specialized vascular connections that allow blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries

28
Q

Glomus

A

an arteriovenous anastomosis that consists of arterioles with abundant smooth muscle in their walls.

29
Q

What are the 3 classifications of veins?

A

Venules

Small veins

Medium or large veins

30
Q

What are the classifications of venules & small veins?

A

smallest veins

tubes composed of endothelium resting on basement membrane

Small veins are larger than venules and have a smooth muscle cells from a continous layer, also have a tunica adventita composed of collagenous connective tissue

31
Q

What are the charateristics of medium and large veins?

A

Medium veins collect blood from small veins and deliver it to large veins which return it to the heart

32
Q

What are portal veins?

what 3 portal vein systems are found in humans?

A

what connects one capillary network to another capillary network

Hepatic portal veins - carry blood from capillaries in gastrointestinal tract & spleen to sinusoids in liver

Hypothalamohypophysial portal veins carry blood from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland

Renal nephron portal system associated with urine forming structures in kidney

33
Q

Most blood vessels are innervated by ______ _____ nerve fibers.

Some blood vessles, of penis and clit are innervated by _____ ________ nerve fibers

A

Unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers

parasympathetic nerve fibers

34
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries - make them less elastic

artherosclerosis is deposition of material in the walls of arteries to from destinct plaques. Mainly in medium and large arteries. Making them less elastic

35
Q

What 3 parts is the aorta divded into?

What 2 arteries branch from ascending aorta?

A

Ascending

aortic arch

descending - further divided into thoracic and abdominal

Right and Left coronary artery - which supply blood to cardiac muscle

36
Q

What 3 major arteries branch from aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic artery

left common carotid artery

left subclavian artery

37
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

bulge caused by weakened spot in aortic wall

38
Q

The brachiocephalic artery forms which arteries and supplys blood to where?

A

Brachiocephalic branches to form :

right common carotid - supplies blood to right side of head and neck

right subclavian - transports blood to right upper limb

39
Q

The left common carotid artery supplys blood to where?

A

ommon carotid artery supplies blood to left side of head and neck

40
Q

The left subclavian artery supplys blood to where?

A

The left subclavian artery supplies blood to left upper limb

41
Q

each common carotid artery extends superiorly and branches to form?

at the point of separation they are dialated slightly to form?

A

Internal and external carotid arteries

Carotid sinus - important in monitoring blood pressure

42
Q

The right and left vertebral arteries originate from_______. They enter the cranial cavity via forman magnum and give off arteries to the _______.

The right and left arteries unite to form a single midline _________

A

Right and left subclavian arteries

Cerebellum

Basilar artery

43
Q

The basilar artery gives off branches to the —-

A

Pons and cerebellum

44
Q

R and L vertebral arteries branch to form ____________ which supply posterior part of cerebrum

A

Posterior cerebral arteries

45
Q

Stroke

A

Sudden neurological disorder often caused by decreased blood supply to part of the brain.

Can results from thrombosis, embolism or hemorrhage

46
Q

What 2 groups are the thoracic aorta divided into?

A
  1. Visceral branches
  2. Parietal branches
47
Q

What does the visceral branches supply?

What does the parietal branch supply?

A

Visceral branches supply portions of thoracic organs - portions of lungs, esophagus and pericardium.

Parietal braches supply portions of thoracic wall

48
Q

What are the 3 major unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric artery

49
Q

Deoxygenated blood from the body is returned to the right atrium through what 3 major veins?

A

Coronary sinus - returning blood from walls of the heart

Superior vena cava - returning blood from head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs

Inferior vena cava - returning blood from abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

BIO 224 (20 decks)

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