Ch. 21

Question 1

Where do the pulmonary vessels carry blood?

Answer 1

transport blood from right ventricle through lungs and back to left atrium

Question 2

Where to the systemic vessels carry blood to and from?

Answer 2

transport blood from left ventricle through all parts of body and back to right atrium

Question 3

What are the 5 unique functions of circulatory system?

Answer 3

1. Carry blood
2. Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
3. Transport substances
4. Helps regulate blood pressure
5. Directs blood flow to tissues

Question 4

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

Answer 4

arteries, capillaries, veins

Question 5

What are the layers of blood vessel walls from superifical to deep?

Answer 5

Tunica adventitis
Tunica media
Tunica intima

Question 6

What are the 4 layers of the tunica intima?

Answer 6

Endothelium
basement membrane
thin layer of connective tissue - lamina propria
internal elastic membrane (separates from next layer)

Question 7

What is the tunia media made of?

Answer 7

Smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around blood vessel and can be regulated by contraction or relaxation

Also contains elastic and collagen fibers.

External elastic membrane separates tunia media from tunia adventitia

Question 8

What is vasocontriction? and Vasodialation?

Answer 8

Vasoconstriction is smooth muscle contraction and causes decrease in blood vessel diameter

Vasodialation is smooth muscle relaxation and results in increase in blood vessel diameter

Question 10

What is the tunia adventitia made of

Answer 10

connective tissue, which varies from dense to to loose

Question 11

What do arteries do?

What are the 3 classifications of arteries?

Answer 11

Carry blood from the heart

1. elastic arteries
2. musclular arteries
3. arterioles

Question 12

What is the process of blood flow from ventricles, where does it go?

Answer 12

Ventricles to large elastic arteries that branch for form many smaller arteries. The smaller arteries (muscluar arteries) are made of less elastic and more smooth muscle. The smaller arteries lead to arterioles

Question 13

What are the charateristics of elastic arteries?

Answer 13

Large diameter

High pressure

When stretched they recoil, can withstand high pressure and low due to diastolic and systoilc activity

Greater amount of elastic, smaller amount of smooth muscle

Tunia intima is thick, tunia media intermeshed with collagen, elastic and smooth muscle, Tunia adventita is thin

Question 14

What are the charateristics of muscular arteries?

Answer 14

Medium & small arteries

Thick tunia media, 25-40 layers of smooth muscle

disturbing arteries - allowing them to partially regulate blood flow to different body regions by constricting or dialating

Question 15

What are the charateristics of arterioles?

Answer 15

smallest arteries

Transport blood from small arteries to capillaries

Capable of constriction and dialation

Question 16

What are the charateristics of capillaries?

Answer 16

most common type of blood vessel

carries blood from arteroiles

Capillary wall consist primarly of a single layer of endothelial cell that rest on basement membrane covered in loose connective tissue

Scattered along length of capillary are pericapillary cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, undifferentiated smooth muscle cells)

Most red blood cells flow single file and are frequently folded

Question 17

pericapillary cells

Answer 17

fibroblasts, macrophages, undifferentiated smooth muscle cells that are found along the lenght of capillary and found inbetween basement membrane and endothelial cell

Question 18

What are the 3 ways to classify capillaries?

Answer 18

1. continous
2. fenestrated
3. sinusoidal

Question 19

What are the charateristics of continous capillaries?

Answer 19

walls exhibit no gaps between endothelial cells

less permeable to large molecules

they are in muscle, nervous and many other locations

Question 20

What are the charateristics of fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 20

endothelial cells have numerous fenestrae - areas with no cytoplasm or membrane -

highly permeable

found in intestinal villi, ciliary processes of the eyes, chorid plexuses of central nervous system, glomeruli of kidney

Question 21

What are the charateristics of sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 21

larger than continous or fenestrated capillaries

basement membrane less prominent or completely absent

fenestrae are larger and gaps can exist between endothelial cells

occur in places where large molecules move into blood. like endocrine glands

Question 22

What are sinusoids

What are venous sinuses

Answer 22

Sinusoids - large diameter sinusodial capillaries - common in liver and bone marrow

Venous sinuses - even larger in diameter than sinusoids, found primarily in spleen

Question 23

Where does blood flow from arterioles to capillary networks?

Answer 23

through metaterioles - vessels with isolated smooth muscle cells along their walls

then through thoroughfare channel - a vessle within capillary network that extends in a relatively direct fashion to a venule

Question 24

How is blood regulated in the capillary branches?

Answer 24

by precapillary sphincters - smooth muscle cells

Question 25

The ends of capillaries closest to the arterioles are called----- the ends closest to the venules are called----

Answer 25

Arterial capillaries Venous capillaries

Question 26

Capillary networks are more numerous and more extensive in highly metabolic tissues such as, what is the major function of capillaries in muscle tissues?

Answer 26

lungs, liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle major function in muscle tissue is nutirent and waste exchange

Question 27

What is a arteriovenous anastomoses?

Answer 27

specialized vascular connections that allow blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries

Question 28

Glomus

Answer 28

an arteriovenous anastomosis that consists of arterioles with abundant smooth muscle in their walls.

Question 29

What are the 3 classifications of veins?

Answer 29

Venules Small veins Medium or large veins

Question 30

What are the classifications of venules & small veins?

Answer 30

smallest veins tubes composed of endothelium resting on basement membrane Small veins are larger than venules and have a smooth muscle cells from a continous layer, also have a tunica adventita composed of collagenous connective tissue

Question 31

What are the charateristics of medium and large veins?

Answer 31

Medium veins collect blood from small veins and deliver it to large veins which return it to the heart

Question 32

What are portal veins? what 3 portal vein systems are found in humans?

Answer 32

what connects one capillary network to another capillary network Hepatic portal veins - carry blood from capillaries in gastrointestinal tract & spleen to sinusoids in liver Hypothalamohypophysial portal veins carry blood from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland Renal nephron portal system associated with urine forming structures in kidney

Question 33

Most blood vessels are innervated by ______ \_\_\_\_\_ nerve fibers. Some blood vessles, of penis and clit are innervated by _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nerve fibers

Answer 33

Unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers parasympathetic nerve fibers

Question 34

What is arteriosclerosis? What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 34

Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries - make them less elastic artherosclerosis is deposition of material in the walls of arteries to from destinct plaques. Mainly in medium and large arteries. Making them less elastic

Question 35

What 3 parts is the aorta divded into? What 2 arteries branch from ascending aorta?

Answer 35

Ascending aortic arch descending - further divided into thoracic and abdominal Right and Left coronary artery - which supply blood to cardiac muscle

Question 36

What 3 major arteries branch from aortic arch?

Answer 36

brachiocephalic artery left common carotid artery left subclavian artery

Question 37

what is an aneurysm?

Answer 37

bulge caused by weakened spot in aortic wall

Question 38

The brachiocephalic artery forms which arteries and supplys blood to where?

Answer 38

Brachiocephalic branches to form : right common carotid - supplies blood to right side of head and neck right subclavian - transports blood to right upper limb

Question 39

The left common carotid artery supplys blood to where?

Answer 39

ommon carotid artery supplies blood to left side of head and neck

Question 40

The left subclavian artery supplys blood to where?

Answer 40

The left subclavian artery supplies blood to left upper limb

Question 41

each common carotid artery extends superiorly and branches to form? at the point of separation they are dialated slightly to form?

Answer 41

Internal and external carotid arteries Carotid sinus - important in monitoring blood pressure

Question 42

The right and left vertebral arteries originate from\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They enter the cranial cavity via forman magnum and give off arteries to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The right and left arteries unite to form a single midline \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 42

Right and left subclavian arteries Cerebellum Basilar artery

Question 43

The basilar artery gives off branches to the ----

Answer 43

Pons and cerebellum

Question 44

R and L vertebral arteries branch to form ____________ which supply posterior part of cerebrum

Answer 44

Posterior cerebral arteries

Question 45

Stroke

Answer 45

Sudden neurological disorder often caused by decreased blood supply to part of the brain. Can results from thrombosis, embolism or hemorrhage

Question 46

What 2 groups are the thoracic aorta divided into?

Answer 46

1. Visceral branches 2. Parietal branches

Question 47

What does the visceral branches supply? What does the parietal branch supply?

Answer 47

Visceral branches supply portions of thoracic organs - portions of lungs, esophagus and pericardium. Parietal braches supply portions of thoracic wall

Question 48

What are the 3 major unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 48

Celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric artery

Question 49

Deoxygenated blood from the body is returned to the right atrium through what 3 major veins?

Answer 49

Coronary sinus - returning blood from walls of the heart Superior vena cava - returning blood from head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs Inferior vena cava - returning blood from abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs