Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 224 > Ch. 20 > Flashcards

Ch. 20 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The heart of a healthy adult beats how many times per min?

A

60-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The PULMONARY CIRCULATION carries blood to?

what exhanged happens there?

Where is blood returned?

A

The RIGH side of the heart pumps Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the LUNGS, where Co2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs and 02 diffuses from lungs to blood. The oxygen rich blood is then returned to LEFT side of hear=rt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION is pumped on which side of heart?
and delivers what to where?

A

LEFT SIDE pumps systemic circulation which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all tissues of body.

CO2 and waste products are then carried back to right side of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the heart located?

Between what intercostal spaces?

A

Mediastinum - midline portion of thoracic cavity

Base is 2nd intercostal space and Apex to the 5th intercostal space

2/3rds of hearts mass lies the left of midline of sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 layers of pericardium?

What are the functions of outer layer of pericardium?

The inner layer is further divided into what 2 parts?

Visceral pericardium is also called?

The space between visceral and parietal cavities is called?

A

outer layer - fiberous pericardium - orevents overdistension & anchors to mediastinum. Attached to connective tissue covers of great vessels and on bottom to diaphram

Inner layer - Serous pericardium -

Parietal & Visceral

Epicardium - covers hearts surface

Pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is function of pericardial fluid?

A

Reduce friction as heart moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 3 layers make up the heart wall?

A

Epicardium - Superficial layer

*Considered visceral pericardium when talking about pericardium / considered Epicardium when talking about hear

Myocardium - heart muscle cells

Endocardium -deep layer. Simple squamous epithelium over layer of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the ridges on the auricles and right atrium called?

What separates the muscular ridges of right atrium from smooth portion of atrial wall?

The interior walls of ventricles contain larger muscular ridges called?

A

Pectinate muscles - whcih are ridges formed from myocardium

Crista terminalis

Trabeculae carneae - help with forceful ejection of blood from ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Where are atria located on heart?

Where are ventricles located on heart?

What is the auricle?

A

2 atria and 2 ventricles

Thin walled artia are superior and posterior (TOP)

Thick walled ventricles are inferior and anterior (BOTTOM)

Flap like extension of each atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 large veins that carry blood from body to rgiht atrium?

A

Superior vena cava & Inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What carries blood from lungs to left atrium?

A

4 pulmonary viens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does blood leave the ventricles?

A

Blood leaves the ventricles by 2 arteries: Pulmonary trunk & aorta

Pulmonary truck carries blood from right ventricle to lungs

Arota carries blood from left ventricle to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the tissues of heart wall.

Left and right coronary arteries & great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are the following located…

Coronary sulcus

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Posterior interventricular sulcus

in a healthy heart, these grooves are covered by

A

Coronary sulcus - a large groove separating atria from ventricles

Anterior interventricular sulcus - Separeates right and left ventricles. This is on anterior side of heart

Posterior interventicular sulcus - Separates right and left ventricles on posterior side of heart

Adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 major branches of left coronary artery?

A

Anterior interventricular artery (desending) - supplies blood to most of the anterior part of heart

Left Marginal artery - supplies blood to lateral wall of left ventricle

Circumflex artery - supply blood to much of the posterior wall of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 major branches of right coronary artery?

A

Right Marginal artery - supply blood to lateral wall of right ventricle

Posterior interventricular artery - supply blood to posterior and inferior part of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are anastamoses?

A

Direct connections between arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 major veins in coronary circulation?

Where do the 2 veins converge and empty?

A

Great cardiac vein - drains blood from left side of heart

Small cardiac vein - drains right margin of heart

Converge and empty into the coronary sinus, which in turn empties into right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The right atrium has what 3 major openings?

A

Opening from superior vena cava, opening from inferior vena cava and opening from coronary sinus.

The superior and inferior vena cava recive blood from the body and coronary sinus recieves blood from the heart itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The left atrium has which 4 unifrom openings?

A

4 pulmonary veins that receive blood from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The right and left atrium are separated from each other by a wall of tissue called?

The slight oval depression on right side of wall of tissue is called?_____Which is the former location of ______?

A

interatrial septum

fossa ovalis

foramen ovale - an opening in right and left atria in fetal heart to allow for passing of blood bypassing coronary circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The atria open to the ventricles through what?

Blood flows from the right ventricle to …

Blood flows from left ventricle to ….

2 ventricles are separated by

A

atrioventrocular canals

Blood flows from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

Blood flows from left ventricle to aorta

2 ventricles are separated by intraventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Each atrioventricular canal has a ______ that is a flap and it prevents ________

The flap between right atria and right ventricle is called?

The flap between the left atria and left ventricle is called?

A

atrioventricular valve which prevents blood from flowing back into atria’s, it ensures a one way flow.

Tricuspid valve - consist of 3 cusps

Bicuspid valve - 2 cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Papillary muscles

How do they work?

A

muscles that attach to cusps of the atrioventricular valves by thin strong connective tissue strings called chordae tendineae (heart strings)

These muscles contract when ventricles contract and prevent valves from opening into atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

What is their purpose?

A

Aortic semilunar valve

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Purpose is to prevent blood flow back into ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The heart skeleton consist of

A

fibrous connective tissue between artia and ventricles. Forms a fibrous ridge around the atrioventricular and semilunar valves which provides solid support

fibrous connective tissue plate also serves as a electrical insulation and provides attachment of cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Charateristics of Cardiac muscles

Shaoe of cell…

of nuclei..

Striation?

How they contract?

How they get ATP

Organized? and bound by?

A

elongated branching cells

one or occasionally two centrally located nuceli

Contain actin and myosin to form sarcomeres - gives striated apparence

smooth sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores Ca2

T tubules near Z disc

rich in mitochondria

organized in spiral bundles or sheets

bound by intercalated disc’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the nodes called?

and what is it celled where they meet?

A 
Sinoatrial node (SA)
Atrioventricular node (AV)

Atrioventricular bundle

30
Q

What is the path of the atrioventricular bundle?

A

Passed through small opening in fibrous skeleton to reach interventricular septum where it divides to form R and L bundle branches.

These extend beneath the endocardium on each side of interventricular septum they descend to the apex then are carried by Purkinje fibers to ventricular walls and papillary muscles

31
Q

Where do cardiac action potentials originate?

A

Sinoatria node (the pacemaker) SA NODE

32
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
33
Q

What are the phases of action potential in cardiac muscle?

A
  1. Depolarization phase - membrane potential quickly becomes more postive. Na2+ channels open, K+ channels close, Ca2+ begin to open
  2. Early repolarization phase - rapid & partial
    * Na+ begin to close, some K+ open, Ca2+ open*
  3. Plateau phase - prolonged period of slow repolarization
    * Ca2+ close, many K+ open*
  4. Final repolarization phase - membrane potential returns to resting level
    * Cardiac muscl contracts and relaxes almost completely during refractory period*
34
Q

What is CALCIUM INDUCED CALCIUM RELEASE (CICR)?

A

When an action potential occurs, Ca2 enters the cell and binds to receptors resulting in the opening of Ca2+ channels on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2 then moves out of sarcoplasmic reticulum and activates interactions between action and myosin producing a contraction

35
Q

Autorthythmic

A
36
Q

What is ectopic focus?

What causes it?

A

Ectopic focus - any part of the heart other than SA node that generates a heartbeat

Causes are:

*SA node doesnt function properly
*Blockage of conducting pathways between SA node and other parts of heart
*When rate of AP outside of SA becomes enhanced - when cells are injured (inflammation or lack of blood supply, or certain drugs)

37
Q
A
38
Q

What is the process of cardiac muscle contraction, from SA node to heart contraction?

A

SA node spontaneously produces an action potential.

SA NODE and neighboring cardiac cells are joined by gap junctions

AP goes into contractile cell and down T tubule - opening a Ca2 channel allowing EXTRACELLULAR Ca2 to rush inside the cell.

Ca2+ then binds to SR ca2 channels which let more calcium out (Calcium induced calcium channels)

Ca2 flows out from SR and binds to tropomyosin. Allowing myosin to bind to actin and contract

39
Q

ECG

A

Electrocardiogram

record of electrical activity of the heart

can reveal abnormal conduction pathways, hypertrophy, atrophy and approx location of cardiac muscle damage

40
Q

What do the following of ECG tell

P wave?

QRS complex?

T Wave?

A

P wave is result of AP that cause depolarization of atrial myocardium, signals the onset of atrial contraction

QRS are 3 separate waves and signal ventricular depolarization and contraction

T wave signals ventricular repolarization and relaxation

41
Q

What is PQ interval and how long is it?

What is QT interval and how long is it?

A

PQ interval represents time from begining of P wave (onset of atrial contraction to begining of their relaxation) to begining of QRS complex and last about 16 sec

QT interval is beginging of QRS wave (onset of ventricular contraction) to end of T wave (ventricular relaxation). Last about 36 sec

PQ - atrium contraction-relax 16 sec

QT - ventricular contraction-relax - 36 sec

42
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Ischemia is obstruction of blood supply to the walls of the heart

43
Q

How does pneumonia cause heart problems?

A

Bacteria cause the blood vessles to deposit the bacteria into the cardiac muscle where they release a toxin called pneumolysin which kills cardiac muscle cells.

This causes microlesions and scar tissue which damages the functioning of the heart.

Normal antibiotic for bacteria cannot be used here because it causes the bacteria cell walls to burst which in this case would cause more realease of pneumolysin causing more damage

44
Q

Cardiac cycle is defined as

A

repetitive pumping process that begins with onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with beginging of next contraction

45
Q

What is the proces of the cardiac cycle in detail?

A
  1. ACTIVE VENTRICULAR FILLING - SA node generates AP -> atrial contraction, forces blood to ventricles
  2. PERIOD OF ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION- AP passed to AV node -> bundle ->purkjne fibers producing ventricular contraction causing blood to flow toward atria and close AV valves.
  3. PERIOD OF EJECTION - Pressure in ventricles increases until overcomes pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk - valves open and blood is pushed to arteries
  4. PERIOD OF ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION - Ventricles relax, blood begins to flow down aorta and trunk causing valves to close.
46
Q

What does Systole mean?

Dystole?

Atrial systole?

Ventricular systole?

What is systole and dystole are alone?

A

Systole - contract

Dystole - to dilate

Atrial systole - contraction of atrial myocardium

Ventricular systole - contraction of ventricular myocardium

47
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

EDV -volume of blood in ventricles when they were relaxed

48
Q

What is intrinsic regulation?

Extrinsic regulation?

A

Intrinsic regulation - results from hearts normal functional characteristics - functions whether heart is in body or not

49
Q

The heart is innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, which one affects the heart more and what do these systems do to keep the heart in balance?

What are the parasympathtic fibers that innervate heart?

How does sympathetic division innervate heart?

A

Sympthetic division can increase cardiac output by 50-100% over resting values, where para can cause only a 10-20% decrease

These division help keep blood pressure, blood O2, blood CO2, and blood ph within their normal range

Parasympathetic - Vagus nerve - has an inhibatory effect - decreasing heart rate

Sympathetic - innervates heart by nerves in thoracic region of spinal cord innervate heart as cardiac nerves - increases heart rate and force of contraction

50
Q

Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine is controlled by _________ division of the ________medulla. It occurs in response to …….

A

Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine is controlled by SYMPATHETIC division of the ADRENAL medulla. It occurs in response to …….

physical activity, emotional excitment, stressful situations

51
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes

A

Detect changes in blood pressure

Dectect this by stretch receptors in the walls of blood vessels and communicate with control center in medulla oblongata

52
Q

Chemoreceptor reflexes

A

Chemoreceptor reflexes help regulate hearts activity

Sensitive to changes in CO2 levels, blood ph

53
Q

What happens when there is excess extracellular K+?

A

Causes heart rate and stroke volume to decrease.

Causes a heartblock- loss of AP conduction through heart

54
Q

What is the process for autorythmic cells to send an AP?

A

Autorythmic cells have no “resting potential” however, their starting point or PACEMAKE potential is APPROX (-60mv to -41mv)

They spontaneously depolarize by FUNNY channels which leak Na2+. once enough Na2+ has leaked in they reach threshold of -40mv

A influx of Ca2 comes in and they become more positive generating an AP

They repolarize by closing Ca2+ channels and opening K+ channels

55
Q

What is the process for contractile cells to send an AP?

A

The resting membrane potential is -90 mv

AP enters contractile cells via gap junctions via intercalated discs, causing Na2+ to open - Na2+ rushes out causing cell to repolarize to 20MV

The K+ channels open, allowing K+ to leave - repolarizing the cell ALSO we have Ca2+ open causing Ca2+ to rush in DELAYING the repolarization process resulting in PLATEAU (refractory period - contract during this time)

Slow K+ channels open which leads to repolarization

56
Q

Extrinsic innvervation - modified by ANS

What is the cardioacceleratory center?

What is the cardioinhibitory center?

A

Cardioacceleratory center sends signals through sympathetic truck to increase rate and force.
*Stimulates SA, AV nodes, heart muscle and coronary arteries

Cardioinhibiatory center sends signals via parasympathetic to decrease rate
*Inhibits SA & AV nodes via vagus nerve

57
Q

What are defects in extrinsic innervation of the heart?

A
58
Q

If SA node is defective, what can happen?

A
  1. May cause heart block - Few or no impulses reach ventricles

Treatment: Artificial pacemaker

  1. Ectopic focus - slower beats/min
59
Q

Auscultation?

First “lubb” is made by?

Second “Dupp” is made by?

A

Ausultation - listening to sounds made my body

First lubb is made by closure of AV valves, turbulence in bloodstream and movements of heart wall

Second dupp is made by closure of semilunar valves, turbulence of bloodstream and movement of the heart wall

60
Q

Where on chest can I hear the following valves…

Aortic?

Pulmonary trunk?

Mitral - bicuspid?

Tricuspid?

A

Aortic valves can be heard in 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

Pulmonary trunk valves heard in 2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

Bicuspid valves can be heard over heart apex in 5th intercostal space, in line with middle clavicle

Tricuspid valve can be heard in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

61
Q

What is a heart murmur?

What is incompetent valve?

What is Stenoic valve?

A

Heart murmur - abnormal heart sounds when blood hits obstructions

Usually indicates valve problems

Incompetent valve - fails to close completely, allowing backflow of blood / swishing sound

Stenoic valve - fails to open completely, restricting blood flow through valve / high pitched or clicking sounds

62
Q

What is STROKE VOLUME and how is it calculated?

What is ESV?

What is EDV?

A

STROKE VOLUME is amount of blood pushed out of ventricles during a contraction

SV = EDV - ESV

ESV is END SYSTOLIC VOLUME - amount of blood in ventricles before they contract

EDV - END DYSTOLIC VOLUME - amount of blood in ventricles after they contract

63
Q

Parasymptathic - What does ACH do to pacemaker cells?

Sympathetic - What effect does norepinephrine do to pacemaker cells?

A

ACH - Hyperpolarized by opening K+ channels = slower HR (little or no effect on contractility)

Norepinephrine - causes pacemaker to fire more rapidly - increases contractility

64
Q

What effects do the following have on heart rate?

HORMONES

Epinephrine ?

Thyroxine?

IONS -

A

Epinephrine - increases HR and contractility

Thyroxine - increases HR and enchances effects of epinephrine and norephinrine

IONS - balance must be maintained, imbalances are very dangerous

65
Q

What age has fastest HR?

Gender?

Increase with excersice?

Increase with temp?

A

Fetus has fastest HR

Female has faster HR

Increase with excersice

Increase with temp

66
Q

What is tachycardia?

What causes it?

What is bradycardia?

What causes it?

A

Tachycardia - Adult HR greater than 100 bpm

Causes: stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease, fever / loss of blood or damage to myocardium

Bradycardia - Adult HR less than 60 bpm

Causes: in sleep, low body temp, endurance trained athletes

67
Q

How do the following effect the heart

Hypocalcemia (low Ca2+)

Hypercalcemia (high Ca2+)

Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

Hypokalemia (low potassium)

A

Hypocalcemia (low Ca2+) - depresses heart

Hypercalcemia (high Ca2+) - increases HR and contractility

Hyperkalemia (high potassium) - alters electrical activity, lead to heart block or cardiac arrest

Hypokalemia (low potassium) - results in feeble heart beat, arrhythmias

68
Q

What is a normal SV?

What are 3 main factors that affect SV?

A

120ML (EDV) - 50 ML (ESV) - 70 ml/beat

Preload, contractility, after load

69
Q

What is preload?

A

Preload - degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contact

70
Q

What is the formula for BP and what are the units we use?

A

Force
Surface area

units are mmhg (units of mercury pillar)

BIO 224 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions