Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 224 > Ch. 19 > Flashcards

Ch. 19 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In what ways does blood help maintain homeostasis?

A
  • transport gases, nutrients and waste
  • transport of processed molecules
  • transport of regulatory molecules
  • regulation of pH and osmosis
  • maintenance of body temp
  • protection against foreign substances
  • clot formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define:

Blood

Plasma

Formed elements

A

Blood is a type of connective tissue consisting of a liquid matrix and containing cells and cell fragments

Plasma is the liquid matrix

Formed elements are the cells and cell fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plasma consists of what

A

91% water and 9% other substances such as proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste products and regulatory substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does COLLOID mean?

A

a liquid containing suspended substances that do not settle out of solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plasma proteins can be classified into what 3 groups?

A

albumin

globulins

fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the characteristics of albumin?

A

Makes up 58% of the plasma proteins

Important in regulating the movement of water between tissues and the blood

An important role in maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure

Bind and transports other molecules, such as, fatty acids, bilirubin, and thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics of globulins?

A

38% of plasma protiens

Subdivided into a, B and y

transport many substances in blood

*antibodies are globulins that protect against microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrinogen?

A

4% of plasma proteins

responsible for the formation of blood clots

*serum is plasma without the clotting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell fragments are more commonly called

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are erythrocytes?

leukocytes?

thrombocytes?

A

Erythrocytes - red blood cells

leukocytes - white blood cells - possess nuclei

thrombocytes - platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

process of blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

a single population of stem cells in red bone marrow, which all formed elements of blood is derived

precursor cells capable of dividing to produce daughter cells that can differentiate into various types of blood cells. One daughter remains a hemocytoblast while the other changes into 1 of 2 types of intermediate stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Myeloid cell

A

intermediate stem cell

develop into red blood cell, platelets and most white blood cells

give rise to: proerythroblasts, myeloblasts, monoblasts, megakaryoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proerythroblasts?

Myeloblasts?

Monoblasts?

Megakaryoblasts?

A

Proerythroblasts - produce red blood cells

Myeloblasts - produce basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils

Monoblasts - produce monocytes

Megakaryoblasts - produce platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The main component of red blood cells is the pigmented protein——-?

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the primary functions of red blood cells?

A

transport O2 from lungs to various parts body tissues

transport CO2 from tissues to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hemoglobin is a complex protein consisting of —- subunits

each subunit is composed of one polypeptide chain called—– and that is bound to one —– group

Each heme is a — pigment molecule containing one —- atom

A

4

globin, heme

red, iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 forms of hemoglobin?

A

Embryonic

fetal adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygenated form of hemoglobin

4 oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin not bound to 02

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hemoglobin also transports CO2, however it does not bind with the iron atoms, it attaches to

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does hemoglobin transport?

A

O2

CO2

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The process by which new red blood cells are produced is called

A

erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The time required to produce a new red blood cell is

A

4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Erthropoietin

A

glycoprotein, a hormone produced mostly by the kidneys, which regulates red blood cell productions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

hypoxia

A

low 02 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hemolysis

A

when red blood cells rupture and hemoglobin is released into the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowish staining of the skin and the sclerae of the eye caused by build up of bile pigments in the blood and some tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

White blood cells are grouped into what 2 caterogies?

A

Granulocytes

agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is an granulocyte and what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

WBC with large cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei

Neutrophils - stain with acidic and basic dyes

Eosinophils- stain red with acidic dyes

Basophils - stain dark purple with basic dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are agranulocytes and what are the 2 types?

A

WBC that appear to have no granules when viewed with a light microscope and nuclei that are not lobed

Lymphocytes -

Monocytes -

34
Q

What do WBC do?

A

Protect body against invading microorganisms

remove dead cells and debris from body

35
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that allow WBC to carry out their functions

A
  1. Ameboid movement - ability to move as ameba do, by putting out irregular cytoplasmic projections
  2. Diapedesis - become thin and elongated and sleep between or through cells of blood vessel walls
  3. Chemotaxis - attract foreign materials or dead cells
36
Q

What is PUS?

A

Accumulation of dead white blood cells and bacteria, along with fluid and cell debris

37
Q

Identify this blood cell

Description

Function

A

Red blood cell

biconcave disc; contains hemoglobin, no nucleus

Function: transports 02 and Co2

38
Q

Identify this blood cell

Description

Function

A

Neutrophil - Granulocyte

Nucleus with 2-5 lobes / Stain with basic or acidic dyes

Function: First WBC to respond to infection, phagocytizes bacteria, antigen-antibody complex, and foreign matter. Secrete lysozyme which are capable of destroying certain bacteria

Survive 1-2 days after leaving blood

55-70% of WBC

39
Q

Identify this blood cell

Description

Function

A

Eosinophil- granulocyte

Nucleus often 2 lobed; stain with acid

Function: attacks certain worm parasites; releases chemicals that control inflammation and destroys histamine; negatively impacts airways during asthma attacks

cytotoxic

1-4%

40
Q

Identify this blood cell

Description

Function

A

Basophils - granulocytes

Nucleus with 2 indistinct lobes; cytoplasmic granules stain blue-purple

function: releases histamine with promotes inflammation, and heparin which prevents clot formation

41
Q

Identify this blood cell

Description

Function

A

Lymphocyte - Agranulocyte

Round nucleus; cytoplasm forms a thin ring around the nucleus, smallest of WBC

Function: produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions; graft rejections, tumor control and regulation of the immune system

Originate in red bone marrow, migrate through the blood to lymphatic tissues where they produce more. Found in lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus

acquired immunity

20-40%

42
Q

Identify this blood cell

Description

Function

A

Monocyte - agranulocyte

Nucleus round and kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped; largest WBC

Function: Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage with phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments and other debris within tissues

*increase in monocytes is often associated with chronic infection

MASSIVE CELL

2-8%

43
Q

Identify this blood cell

Description

Function

A

Cell fragment surrounded by plasma membrane and containing granules

Function: forms platelet plugs, releases chemicals necessary for clotting

44
Q
A
45
Q

What are B cells?

What are T cells?

A

B cells are lymphocytes that can be stimulated by bacteria or toxins, they divide and form cells that produce antibodies

T cells are lymphocytes that protect against viruses and other intercellular microorganisms by attacking and destroying cells

* T cells are found in the destruction of tumor cells and graft rejection

46
Q

Macrophages stimulate responses from other cells in what 2 ways?

A
  1. my releasing chemical messengers
  2. by phagocytizing and processing foreign substances which are presented to lymphocytes
47
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of cells

48
Q

Platelets are dervied from

A

megakaryocytes

49
Q

What is hemostasis?

What are the 3 processes involved in hemostasis?

A

Hemostasis is the cessation of bleeding

  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation
50
Q

What is

Vascular spasm?

Platelet plug?

Coagulation?

A

A vascular spasm is the immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel

A platelet plug is an accumulation of platelets that can seal small breaks in blood vessels

Coagulation or blood clotting results in a formation of a clot, which is a network of threadlike protein fibers that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluids

51
Q

Chemicals released by cells of damaged vessels as well as platelets can release what 2 secretions and what do they do?

A

Endothelial cells release endothelin - leads to constriction of blood vessels

Platelets release - Thromboxanes lead to constriction of blood vessels

52
Q

What are the steps in the formation of a platelet formation?

A
  1. Platelet adhesion - platelets bind to exposed collagen of a damaged blood vessel via Von Willebrand factor. vWF is a protein released from damaged vessels which form a bridge between the platelets and collagen.
  2. When platelets adhere to collagen they become activated and start Platelet release reaction which ADP, thromboxanes, and other chemicals are released via exocytosis which causes even more platelets to become activated
  3. When platelets are activated they change shape and express fibrinogen, a plasma protein. In platelet aggregation, fibrinogen forms a bridge between the fibrinogen receptors of different platelets resulting in the platelet plug. Active platelets also release phospholipids and coagulation factor V which are important in clot formation
53
Q

What is a blood clot?

A

a network of threadlike protein fibers called fibrin, that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid

54
Q

What are clotting factors?

How are they activated?

A

Clotting factors are proteins found within plasma. They are normally in an inactive state. After injury they are activated

Clotting factors are activated in 2 ways:

  1. The extrinsic pathway
  2. The intrinsic pathway

both converge to form the common pathway

55
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway?

A

Begins with chemicals that are outside of the blood

Damaged tissues release a mixture of lipoproteins and phospholipids called THROMBOPLASTIN aka TF or Factor III

Thromboplastin + Ca2+ + factor VII activates factor X

56
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway?

A

The pathway that begins with chemicals that are inside the blood

When factor XII comes in contact with collagen, it activates and stimulates factor XI which activates IX, IX joins with factor VIII, platelet phospholipids, Ca2+ to activate factor X which initiates the common pathway

57
Q
A
58
Q

To prevent unwanted clotting, the blood contains several ….

A

anticoagulants

59
Q

What are 3 examples of anticoagulants?

A
  1. A
60
Q

Once a clot is formed, Clot retraction occurs, what is that process..

A

a process in which the blood clot condenses into a dense compact structure. Platelets form extensions which contract and pull on the fibrinogen. As the clot retracts serum is squeezed out of the clot

61
Q

Clot retraction pulls the edges of the damaged vessel together to help…

A

Stop blood flow

reducing infection

and enhance healing

62
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

a process that dissolves the blood clot -

during this process, an enzyme called plasmin hydrolyzes or breaks fibrin, dissolving the clot

63
Q

Define

Transfusion

Infusion

A

Transfusion - the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

Infusion - the introduction of fluid other than blood, such as saline or glucose solution into the blood

64
Q

Define

antigens

Antibodies

A

Antigens - identify the cells

Antibodies - proteins that bind to the antigens

65
Q

Define

Agglutination

Aggultinogens

agglutinins

A

Agglutination - clumping of cells

Aggultinogens - antigens

agglutinins - antibodies

66
Q

ABO blood group

A

System used to categorized human blood based on the presence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells

67
Q

RH blood group

A

first studied in Rhesus monkeys

The antigen involved is the D antigen

if they have the D antigen they are positive, if no D antigen they are negative

68
Q

Hemolytic disease of newborn

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Mother is Rh negative and fetus is Rh postive

If fetal blood mixes with the mothers blood, the mother produces Rh antibodies, these antibodies can cross the placenta and enter fetal blood and cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal red blood cells

69
Q

(CBC) Complete blood count

A

analysis of blood

-Red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, white blood cell count, and differential white blood count

70
Q

(RBC) Red blood cell count

A

the number (expressed in millions) of red blood cells per microliter of blood

normal RBC for a male is 4.7-6.1 million/ul of blood

female is 4.2-5.4 million/ul of blood

71
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

a condition with an overabundance of red blood cells

72
Q

Hemoglobin measurement

A

determins the amount of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood, usually expressed as grams of hemoglobin oer 100 ML of blood

Normal hemoglobin for males is 14-17 g/100ml of blood and for females 12-15 g/100ml of blood

Abnormally low hemoglobin is an indication of anemia

73
Q

Hematocrit is what

A

the % of the total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells

74
Q

Define

Normocytes

Microcytes

Macrocytes

A

Normocytes - normal sized red blood cells - diameter of 7.5mm

Microcytes - Smaller than normal - diameter of 6 or less

Macrocytes - bigger than normal - diameter of 9 or more

75
Q

(WBC) White blood count

A

measures total number of white blood cells in the blood

normally 4500-11,000 WBC are present in each microliter of blood

76
Q

Leukopenia

A

lower than normal WBC resulting in depression or destruction of red marrow

*Viral infections, radiation, drugs, tumors, and vitamin deficiencies can cause leukopenia

77
Q

Leukocytosis

Leukemia

A

Leukocytosis - abnormally high WBC

Leukemia - a cancer of red marrow, often results in leukocytosis

78
Q

Differential white blood count

A

determines the % of each of the 5 kinds of WBC

*If neutrophil count is increased could be bacterial infection

*if Basophil and eosinophil are increased could be allergic reaction

79
Q

what is a normal Platelet count?

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000 per microliter of blood

thrombocytopenia - platelet count is greatly reduced, resulting in chronic bleeding

80
Q

Prothrombin time measurement

A

expresses how long it takes for blood to start clotting, which is normally 9-12 seconds

Vit K deficiency, certain liver diseases and drug therapy can increase prothrombin time

BIO 224 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions