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BIO 224 > Ch. 19.1 > Flashcards

Ch. 19.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Hematology

A

Study of blood

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2
Q

Adults have how many L and gallons of blood?

A

4-6 liters = 1.5 gallons

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3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport - 02, C02, nutrients, waste, hormones, stem cells
  2. Protection - inflammation, limit infection, destroy micororg and cancer cells, neutralize toxins, clotting
  3. Regulation - Fluid balance, stabilize PH, temp control
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4
Q

What is the normal PH for blood?

What % of body weight does blood make up?

High 02 shows what color?

Low 02 shows what color?

How much volume does a male and female have of blood?

A

Ph for blood - 7.35-7.45

8% of total body weight

High 02 is scarlet

Low 02 is dark red

Males 5-6 liters, females 4-5 liters

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5
Q

What are the 2 major components of blood and their %’s?

A

Plasma (55%) matrix of blood

Formed elements (45%) blood cells and fragments

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6
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without the clotting factors

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7
Q

What are the proteins in the blood plasma and what is their function?

A

Albumin - maintain osmotic pressure, hydrophobic carrier

Globulins - Antibodies, transport (binds to molecules such as hormones), clotting factors

Fibrinogen - Convert to fibrin during clot formation

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8
Q

What are the “other” substances in the blood plasma besides proteins?

A

Ions: Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate

Nutrients: glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids

Waste: lactic acid, urea, creatinine

Gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Define viscosity

A

Resistance of a fluid to flow / thick, sticky

*whole blood is 4.5-5.5 times more viscous than water

*plasma 2 times more viscous than water

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10
Q

Define osmolarity

A

total molarity (concentration) of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

*if osmolarity is too high blood absorbs too much water

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

Life span?

Have organelles?

Blood type determined by?

Main function?

Can it grow or divide?

A

Erythrocytes

life span 120 days

Lost nearly all organelles during development/ no nucleus or mitochondria

Blood type determined by surface proteins

Main function: GAS TRANSPORT

Anucleate- cannot grow or divide

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12
Q

Define: Anucleate

A

cannot synthesize new proteins, grow or divide

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13
Q

One RBC contains how many Hb?

A

1 RBC contains 250 million Hb

*can carry 1 billion 02 molecules

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14
Q

Each Hemoglobin (Hb) molecule consists of:

A

Hb molecule consists of:

  • *Heme group** - 02 binds to Iron in center
  • *Globins** - 4 protein chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)
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15
Q

What is Hematocrit?

Normal % in males and females

RBC counts in males and females

A

Hematocrit is the % of whole blood that is RBC

Males - 42-52%, Females 37-48%

RBC count in males 4.6-6.2 million, females 4.2-5.4 million

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16
Q

What is Carbonic anhydrase?

and the process of transport and exchange of carbon dioxide?

A

Carbonic anhydrase is a reaction converting C02 and H20 into protons and bicarbonate

As the body produces C02 it diffuses into the blood into RBC. It comes into contact with Carbonic anhydrase and it combines C02 with water which makes it dissociate into H2C03 which turns into H+ + Hc03-.

The RBC spits out Hc03- and brings in Cl-. Now Hc03 is floating in blood outside of RBC.

The rest of the C02 rides on hemoglobin or in plasma

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17
Q

How many RBCs are produced each second?

How long is their life span and development time?

Erythroblasts multiply and synthesize what?

A

2.5 million RBC are produced each second

avg lifespan of 120 days, 3-5 days to develop

Erythroblast multiply and synthesize hemoglobin

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18
Q

Define: Erythropoiesis

What are the steps?

A

Erythropoiesis - process of formation of RBC (15 days)

Hematopoietic stem cell -> Myeloid stem cell -> proerythroblast -> basophilic erythroblast -> polychromatic erythroblasts -> orthochromatic erythroblast (eject organelles creating concave shape)

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19
Q

What causes Hypoxia?

What causes an increase in blood viscosity?

A

Hypoxia is from too few RBC’s

Increase in blood viscosity is from too many RBC’s

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20
Q

The balance between RBC production and destruction depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. Hormonal controls - Erythropoietin (stimulates formation of RBC’s)
  2. Dietary requirements - Iron, Vit b12, folic acid, Vit c, copper
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21
Q

What are some causes of Hypoxia?

A

Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction

Insufficient hemoglobin (iron deficiency)

Reduced availability of 02 (high altitude or lung problems)

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22
Q

Describe the process for erythrocyte homeostasis

(fixing kidney hypoxia)

A

Drop in RBC causes kidney hypoxia

Kidneys produce erythropoietin which stimulates bone marrow to produce more RBC

RBC count increases in 3-4 days

23
Q

What happens to the parts of RBC when it breaks down?

A

Iron binds and is stored for future use

Heme is degraded to bilirubin -> liver secretes bilirubin in the bile into intestines where it is degraded into urobilinogen. It’s transformed into stercobilin and leaves in feces

Globin is metabolized into amino acids and released into circulation

24
Q

What is Jaundice?

A

Yellowing of skin when too much bilirubin is present in the blood

*increased bilirubin when the liver is malfunctioning or RBCs are being rapidly destroyed

25
Q

What is anemia?

What causes it?
(4 things)

A

Decrease in number of RBC’s or hemoglobin

  • *Hematocrit** is low, person tired and blue
  • *Nutritional**: not enough iron or b12
  • *Hemorrhagic**: losing large quantities of blood
  • *Aplastic**: not producing enough RBC
26
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

Genetically abnormal RBCs

*abnormal hemoglobin, cells break easily and becomes logged in vessels

27
Q

What is polycythemia?

What is polycythemia vera?

What is secondary polycythemia?

What is blood doping?

A

Abnormal high number of RBC

*increased blood viscosity, pressure and clotting which can lead to heart attack

Polycythemia vera is bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBC’s; treatment is therapeutic phlebotomy

2ndary polycythemia: caused by low 02 or increased EPO production

Blood doping: athletes remove, store and reinfuse RBCs before an event to increase O2 levels for stamina

28
Q

What are leukocytes?

What % in total blood volume?

How many in ul/blood?

Nuclei?

Function?

A

White blood cell

Make up <1% of total blood volume

4800-10800 wbc/ul blood

Complete cell with nuclei

Function: defense against disease

29
Q

WBC move by the following characteristics

What is Diapedesis?

What is amoeboid motion?

What is positive chemotaxis?

A

When WBC move through walls of capillaries

Amoeboid motion is crawling like-type of movement by the protrusion of cytoplasm

Positive chemotaxis is the movement of cells towards a higher concentration of a stimulating (chemical) substance

30
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

WBC count over 11,000/mm3

*normal increase in response to infection

*abnormal if it consistently is over 11,000 (parasitic infections, AIDS, leukemia)

31
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is Thalassemias?

What is sickle cell anemia?

What is anemia?

A

Thalassemias - One globin chain is faulty or absent. RBCs are thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin

Sickle cell anemia - Mutated hemoglobin, cresent shaped, rupture easily and block vessels
*people with sickle cell do not contract malaria

Anemia - abnormally low 02 carrying capacity to support normal metabolism

32
Q

What are the following types of anemia?

Hemorrhagic anemia?

Chronic herrhagic anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia?

Pernicious anemia?

Renal anemia?

A

Hemorrhagic anemia - rapid blood loss (severe wound)

Chronic herrhagic anemia - slight but persistent loss (hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer)

Iron deficiency anemia - low iron intake or impaired absorption. Produces Microcytes (small, pale, cannot synthesize Hb)

Pernicious anemia- low dietary intake of b12 (an autoimmune disease-macrocytes)

Renal anemia - lack of EPO, kidneys cannot produce EPO

33
Q

Define: Neutrophils

Nucleus?

% of WBC?

Granules stain with what dyes?

Phagocytic?

Function:

A

Granulocyte - WBC

Nucleus is lobular (2-5 lobes)

50-70%

Granules stain with basic and acidic dyes

Very phagocytic

Bacterial slayers. granules contain defensins (enzymes or antimicrobial proteins), kills microbes with respiratory bursts (bleach or hydrogen peroxide)

34
Q

Define: Eosinophils

Nucleus

% of WBC?

Granules stain with what dyes?

Phagocytic?

Function:

A

Granulocytes - WBC

The nucleus has 2 lobes, resembling sunglasses

2-4%

Granules stained by acid

Phagocytic

Function: release enzymes on parasitic worms, play a role in allergies and asthma, immune response modulators

35
Q

Define: Basophils

Nucleus?

% of WBC?

Granules stain with what dyes?

Phagocytic?

Function:

A

Granulocyte - WBC

Nucleus deep purple, see more granules

0.5-1%

Granules stain with a basic dye

Phagocytic

Function: secrete histamine (vasodilator) - speed flow of blood to an injured areas & secrete Heparin (anticoagulant) promotes mobility of other WBC in the area

36
Q

Define: Lymphocytes

Nucleus?

% of WBC?

Found where?

Function and types?

A

Agranulocyte - WBC

Dark purple circular nuclei w/ thin rim of cytoplasm

25%

Found in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) and a few circulate in blood

DESTROY CELLS / specific immunity
T cells - act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
B cells - give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

37
Q

Define: Monocytes

Nucleus?

% of WBC?

Function:

A

Agranulocyte

Dark purple, kidney or U shaped nuclei

3-8%

Increased number if infection. Leave blood stream and turn into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens and debri

38
Q

What is Leukopoiesis?

What 2 chemicals stimulate leukopoiesis?

All leukocytes originate from what cell?

What are the 2 branches of pathways to produce all WBC?

A

Leukopoiesis is the production of WBC

The 2 chemicals that stimulate leukopoiesis are interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

Leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts stem cells

Hemocytoblast stem cell -> lymphoid stem cell -> lymphocytes
OR
Hemocytoblast stem cell -> myeloid stem cells -> all other WBC

39
Q

What is the process for granulocyte production from myeloid stem cell?

A
  • *Myeloid stem cell**
  • *Myeloblast**
  • *Promyelocytes** - accumulate lysosomes
  • *Myelocytes** - accumulate granules
  • *Band cells** - nuclei curved
  • *Mature** - nuclei become segmented before being released into the blood

*10x more in bone marrow then blood
3X’s more WBC are formed then RBC due to shorter life

40
Q

What is the process for Agranulocyte production from myeloid stem cell?

A

Monocytes dervied from myeloid line

Lympocytes - lymphoid stem cells-> precurser->lymphocyte

(Monoblast->promonocyte->monocyte)

41
Q

Disorders of WBC

Leukopenia?

Leukocytosis?

Infectious Mononucleosis?

Leukemia?

A

Leukopenia - low WBC below 5000/ul
-Causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease, drugs
Risk: elevated risk of infection

  • *Leukocytosis** - high WBC above 10,000/ul
  • Causes: infection, allergy and disease

Infectious Mononucleosis - viral infection which elevates the number of lymphocytes in blood
Causes: Epstein Barr virus

Leukemia- cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow
Condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBC
*cannot fight infection

42
Q

What are Thrombocytes?

Normal count?

3 functions in clotting?

Live span?

Platelet formation is regulated by?

A

Thrombocytes - platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes

Normal count is 150,000 - 400,000

  1. Formation of platelet plugs. 2. Formation of clots. 3. Circulating platelets are inactive

life span is 10 days

Regulated by thrombopoietin

43
Q

What is Hemostasis?

What are the 3 phases?

A

Hemostasis is the cessation of bleeding

  1. Vascular spasm - vasoconstriction of the damaged vessel
    *direct injury to smooth muscle, chemicals released, pain reflex
  2. Platelet plug formation - collagen is exposed and platelets stick to collagen, platelets release chemicals which cause more platelets to stick
    * *von willebrand factor*

3. Coagulation - Fibrin forms a mesh which traps RBC and platelets forming the clot

44
Q

What are the Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways for coagulation?

A

The extrinsic pathway is damaged to the outside of the vessel.
*Thromboplastin is released outside of damaged vessel + Factors = Factor X

The intrinsic pathway is damaged to the inside of the vessel.
Contact with collagen of the damaged vessel, activated factors until factor X

Each pathway cascades towards and ends with activation of factor X

45
Q

What is the process of coagulation from the common pathway?

A

Factor X, Factor V, phospholipids, Ca2+ form Prothrombinase

Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Fibrin strands form the structural basis of clot

46
Q

What are the 3 stages to remove a clot?

A
  1. Actin and Myosin in platelets contract
  2. Contraction squeezes serum from clot
  3. Draws ruptured vessel walls together
47
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) released by platelets and does what?

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) does what?

Plasminogen in clot is converted to

A

PDGF - stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblast to rebuild vessel wall

VEGF - Stimulated endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining

Plasminogen is converted to plasmin which promotes cleavage of clot

48
Q

Antithrombin III does what?

Endothelial cells secrete what 2 antithrombic substances?

A

Inactivates any unbound thrombin that escapes into blood stream

NO and prostacyclin

49
Q

Disorders of blood clotting

Hemophilia?

Thrombus?

Embolus?

Anticoagulants?

List 3 anticoagulants

A

Hemophilia - Genetic absence of clotting factors
Sex linked/more in males

Thrombus- Blood clot formed in an unbroken vessel
more often in veins

Embolus - Moving blood clot

  • *Anticoagulants** - substances that inhibit clot formation
  • *Aspirin* - reduces the stickiness of platelets
  • *Heparin* - blocks actions of thrombin and fibrinogen
  • *Coumadin* - interferes with vit K in the coagulation cascade
50
Q

Thromboembolic disorder?

Bleeding disorders?

Thrombocytopenia?

Impaired liver function?

Hemophilia?

A

Thromboembolic disorders: result in undesirable clot formation

Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

Thrombocytopenia: Deficient number of circulating platelets

Impaired liver function: Inability ti synthesize clotting factors
* vit K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis

Hemophilia: herediatry bleeding disorders (A,B,C)

51
Q

What is Desseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

Involves both widespread clotting and severe bleeding

* Can occur in septicemia, incompatible blood transfusions or complications in pregnancy

52
Q

Define:

Antigen

What are antigens referred to as

Antibodies are referred to as

How is your blood type determined?

A

Antigen - anything percieved as foregin that can generate an immune response (unique to the individual)

Aglutinogens because they promote agglutinination

Antibodies are agglutinins. Found in plasma. Made at 2 months of age

Your blood type is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on RBC

53
Q

What is Erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of newborn?

A

Occurs if mother is Rh- and has formed antibodies and is pregnant with 2nd Rh+ child

Treatment: RhoGAM is given to pregnant Rh- women

54
Q

Diagnostic blood test

Differential WBC count?

Prothrombin time & platelets counts

CMP

CBC

A

Differential WBC count - looks at relative proportions of each WBC

Prothrombin time & platelets counts - assess hemostasis

Comprehensive Medical Panel - blood chemistry profile that checks various blood chemical levels

Complete Blood Count - checks formed elements, hematocrit, hemoglobin

BIO 224 (20 decks)

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