Ch. 19.1 Flashcards

Question

What is anemia? What causes it? (4 things)

Answer 1

Decrease in number of RBC's or hemoglobin * *_Hematocrit_** is low, person tired and blue * *_Nutritional_**: not enough iron or b12 * *_Hemorrhagic_**: losing large quantities of blood * *_Aplastic_**: not producing enough RBC

Answer 2

Genetically abnormal RBCs \*abnormal hemoglobin, cells break easily and becomes logged in vessels

Answer 3

***Abnormal high number of RBC*** \*increased blood viscosity, pressure and clotting which can lead to heart attack **_Polycythemia vera_** is bone marrow cancer leading to excess RBC's; treatment is therapeutic phlebotomy **_2ndary polycythemia:_** caused by low 02 or increased EPO production **_Blood doping:_** athletes remove, store and reinfuse RBCs before an event to increase O2 levels for stamina

Answer 4

**White blood cell** Make up \<1% of total blood volume 4800-10800 wbc/ul blood Complete cell with nuclei **_Function_**: defense against disease

Answer 5

When WBC move through walls of capillaries Amoeboid motion is crawling like-type of movement by the protrusion of cytoplasm Positive chemotaxis is the movement of cells towards a higher concentration of a stimulating (chemical) substance

Answer 6

WBC count over 11,000/mm3 \*normal increase in response to infection \*abnormal if it consistently is over 11,000 (parasitic infections, AIDS, leukemia)

Answer 7

**_Thalassemias_** - One globin chain is faulty or absent. RBCs are thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin **_Sickle cell anemia_** - Mutated hemoglobin, cresent shaped, rupture easily and block vessels \*people with sickle cell do not contract malaria **_Anemia_** - abnormally low 02 carrying capacity to support normal metabolism

Answer 8

**_Hemorrhagic anemia_** - rapid blood loss (severe wound) **_Chronic herrhagic anemia_** - slight but persistent loss (hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer) **_Iron deficiency anemia_** - low iron intake or impaired absorption. Produces Microcytes (small, pale, cannot synthesize Hb) **_Pernicious anemia_**- low dietary intake of b12 (an autoimmune disease-macrocytes) **_Renal anemia_** - lack of EPO, kidneys cannot produce EPO

Answer 9

Granulocyte - WBC Nucleus is lobular (2-5 lobes) 50-70% Granules stain with basic and acidic dyes Very phagocytic Bacterial slayers. granules contain defensins (enzymes or antimicrobial proteins), kills microbes with respiratory bursts (bleach or hydrogen peroxide)

Answer 10

Granulocytes - WBC The nucleus has 2 lobes, resembling sunglasses 2-4% Granules stained by acid Phagocytic Function: release enzymes on parasitic worms, play a role in allergies and asthma, immune response modulators

Answer 11

Granulocyte - WBC Nucleus deep purple, see more granules 0.5-1% Granules stain with a basic dye Phagocytic Function: secrete histamine (vasodilator) - speed flow of blood to an injured areas & secrete Heparin (anticoagulant) promotes mobility of other WBC in the area

Answer 12

Agranulocyte - WBC Dark purple circular nuclei w/ thin rim of cytoplasm 25% Found in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) and a few circulate in blood DESTROY CELLS / specific immunity T cells - act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells B cells - give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

Answer 13

Agranulocyte Dark purple, kidney or U shaped nuclei 3-8% Increased number if infection. Leave blood stream and turn into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens and debri

Answer 14

Leukopoiesis is the production of WBC The 2 chemicals that stimulate leukopoiesis are interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF) Leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts stem cells Hemocytoblast stem cell -\> lymphoid stem cell -\> lymphocytes OR Hemocytoblast stem cell -\> myeloid stem cells -\> all other WBC

Answer 15

* *Myeloid stem cell** * *Myeloblast** * *Promyelocytes** - accumulate lysosomes * *Myelocytes** - accumulate granules * *Band cells** - nuclei curved * *Mature** - nuclei become segmented before being released into the blood \*10x more in bone marrow then blood 3X's more WBC are formed then RBC due to shorter life

Answer 16

Monocytes dervied from myeloid line Lympocytes - lymphoid stem cells-\> precurser-\>lymphocyte | (Monoblast-\>promonocyte-\>monocyte)

Answer 17

**_Leukopenia_** - low WBC below 5000/ul -Causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease, drugs Risk: elevated risk of infection * *_Leukocytosis_** - high WBC above 10,000/ul - Causes: infection, allergy and disease **_Infectious Mononucleosis -_** viral infection which elevates the number of lymphocytes in blood Causes: Epstein Barr virus **_Leukemia-_** cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow Condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBC \*cannot fight infection

Answer 18

**Thrombocytes** - platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes Normal count is 150,000 - 400,000 1. Formation of platelet plugs. 2. Formation of clots. 3. Circulating platelets are inactive life span is 10 days Regulated by ***thrombopoietin***

Answer 19

Hemostasis is the cessation of bleeding 1. **_Vascular_** _spasm_ - vasoconstriction of the damaged vessel \*direct injury to smooth muscle, chemicals released, pain reflex 2. **_Platelet plug formation -_** collagen is exposed and platelets stick to collagen, platelets release chemicals which cause more platelets to stick * **\*von willebrand factor*** **_3. Coagulation -_** Fibrin forms a mesh which traps RBC and platelets forming the clot

Answer 20

The extrinsic pathway is damaged to the outside of the vessel. \*Thromboplastin is released outside of damaged vessel + Factors = Factor X The intrinsic pathway is damaged to the inside of the vessel. Contact with collagen of the damaged vessel, activated factors until factor X **_Each pathway cascades towards and ends with activation of factor X_**

Answer 21

Factor X, Factor V, phospholipids, Ca2+ form Prothrombinase **Prothrombinase** converts **prothrombin** to **thrombin** **Thrombin** converts **fibrinogen** to **fibrin** *Fibrin strands form the structural basis of clot*

Answer 22

1. Actin and Myosin in platelets contract 2. Contraction squeezes serum from clot 3. Draws ruptured vessel walls together

Answer 23

PDGF - stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblast to rebuild vessel wall VEGF - Stimulated endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining Plasminogen is converted to plasmin which promotes cleavage of clot

Answer 24

Inactivates any unbound thrombin that escapes into blood stream NO and prostacyclin

Answer 25

**_Hemophilia_** - Genetic absence of clotting factors Sex linked/more in males **_Thrombus_**- Blood clot formed in an unbroken vessel more often in veins **_Embolus_** - Moving blood clot * *_Anticoagulants_** - substances that inhibit clot formation * \*Aspirin* - reduces the stickiness of platelets * \*Heparin* - blocks actions of thrombin and fibrinogen * \*Coumadin* - interferes with vit K in the coagulation cascade

Answer 26

**_Thromboembolic disorders:_** result in undesirable clot formation **_Bleeding disorders:_** abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation **_Thrombocytopenia_**: Deficient number of circulating platelets **_Impaired liver function:_** Inability ti synthesize clotting factors \* vit K deficiency, hepatitis, cirrhosis **_Hemophilia:_** herediatry bleeding disorders (A,B,C)

Answer 27

Involves both widespread clotting and severe bleeding \* Can occur in septicemia, incompatible blood transfusions or complications in pregnancy

Answer 28

Antigen - anything percieved as foregin that can generate an immune response (unique to the individual) Aglutinogens because they promote agglutinination Antibodies are agglutinins. Found in plasma. Made at 2 months of age Your blood type is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on RBC

Answer 29

Occurs if mother is Rh- and has formed antibodies and is pregnant with 2nd Rh+ child Treatment: RhoGAM is given to pregnant Rh- women

Answer 30

**_Differential WBC count_** - looks at relative proportions of each WBC **_Prothrombin time & platelets counts_** - assess hemostasis **_Comprehensive Medical Panel_** - blood chemistry profile that checks various blood chemical levels **_Complete Blood Count_** - checks formed elements, hematocrit, hemoglobin

Ch. 19.1 Flashcards

(54 cards)