Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 224 > Ch. 23 > Flashcards

Ch. 23 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 structures that make up the respiratory system?

A
  1. External nose
  2. Nasal cavity
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is ventilation?

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is respiration?

What are the 2 main types of respiration?

A

the diffusion of gases across plasma membranes

Pulmonary respiration (external)- the movement of gases between air in the lungs and blood

Systemic respiration (internal) - the movement of gases between blood and body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?

What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?

A

The upper respiratory tract include: External nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

The lower respiratory tract includes: Trachea, bronchi, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The upper and lower respiratory tracts are further subdivided into what 2 zones?

A

Conducting zone - structures of the nose to smallest tubes within lungs. Strictly for ventilation

Respiratory zone - solely within the lungs and includes some small air tubes and alveoli. Gas exchange occurs here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Regulation of blood PH
  3. Production of chemical mediators - ACE
  4. Voice production
  5. Olfaction
  6. Protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The nose consists of..

A

External nose

Nasal cavity (Nares -> vestible -> choanae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

A

Hard palate

*has a mucous membrane that helps warm and humidify inspired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

a wall of tissue that separates right and left halves of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 lateral bony ridges called on each side of the nasal cavity? what is their function?

What are the tunnels beneath this called?

A

Conchae

Function - wind turbines

Tunnels beneath are called the meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Passageway for air
  2. Cleans the air
  3. Humidifies and warms the air
  4. Contains olfactory epithelium
  5. Helps determine voice sound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

what is the pharynx commonly known as?

A

Nasopharynx - most superior portion

Oropharynx - continuation of the nasopharynx - middle portion

Laryngopharynx -

AKA the throat - opening of both respiratory and digestive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The larynx is commonly known as

extends from and to?

What are the 6 cartilages composing the larynx?

A

AKA voice box

extends from the base of the tongue to trachea

  1. Thyroid cartilage aka adams apple
  2. Cricoid cartilage
  3. Epiglottis
  4. Arytenoid cartilage
  5. Corniclate cartilage
  6. Cuneiform cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 ligaments in the larynx?

A

Vestibular folds - false vocal cords

Vocal folds - true vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the larynx with its carilages?

A
  1. Maintains open passageway for air
  2. Prevents swallowed materials from entering larynx and lower respiratory tract
  3. Produces sound for speech
  4. Protects lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The trachea is also known as

function?

what supports the trachea?

What structure aids in coughing?

A

Windpipe

allows air to flow into the lungs

Tracheal rings - hyaline cartilage

trachealis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The trachea divides to form 2 smaller tubes called?

A

Main bronchi, or primary bronchi - each extends to a lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The tracheobronchial tree consists of

A

the trachea and network of air tubes in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 classes of air passageways, from largest to smallest?

A

Lobar bronchi - secondary bronchi - arise directly from main bronchi

Segmental bronchi - tertiary bronchi

Bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

21
Q

Bronchodilation?

Bronchoconstriction?

A

Bronchodilation - when the smooth muscle relaxes increases diamter

Bronchoconstriction - when smooth muscle contracts decreasing diameter

22
Q

What are alveoli?

A

small air filled chambers where air and the blood come in close contact with each other

23
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the alveolar wall?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes - thin squamous epithelial cells that form 90% of the alveolar surface

Type 2 pneumocytes - round or cube-shaped secretory cells that produce surfactant

24
Q

What are the components of the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar cell layer

Capillary endothelial layer

Interstitial space between alveolar and capillary layer

25
Q

What are the layers of respiration?

A
  1. Thin layer of alveolar fluid
  2. Alveolar epitheloum - simple squamous
  3. Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
  4. Thin interstitial space
  5. Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
  6. Capillary endothelium - simple squamous
26
Q
A
27
Q

What does the thoracic wall consist of?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

ribs

costal cartilage

sternum

associated muscles

28
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Hilum is an indentation of the medial surface of the lung, where structures such as main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter or exit the lung

all referred to as the root of the lung

29
Q
A
30
Q

What are the 2 lymphatic vessels to the lungs?

A

Superficial lymphatic vessels - deep to connective tissue

deep lymphatic vessels - follow the bronchi

31
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

external intercostals

pectoralis minor

scalene muscles

32
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A

internal intercostals

transverse thoracis with assistance from abdominal muscles

33
Q

What is boyles law?

A

P=k/v

p= pressure
k=constant for given temperature
v=volume of container

34
Q

What is spirometry?

What is the device used to measure?

A

the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system

Spirometer

35
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

the normal volume of air inspired and expired in each breath

at rest 500 ml

36
Q

What is respiratory reserve volume?

A

the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration

approx 3000 ml at rest

37
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration

approx 1100 ml at rest

38
Q

What is residual volume?

A

the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration

approx 1200ml

39
Q

What are pulmonary capacities?

Inspiratory capacity?

Functional residual capacity?

Vital capacity?

Total lung capacity?

A

Pulmonary capacities are the sum of 2 or more pulmonary volumes

Inspiratory capacity is the tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Functional residual capacity is expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

Vital capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory volume

Total lung capacity is the sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus tidal and residual volumes

40
Q

What is the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec?

what is the respiratory rate?

A

the amount of air expired within the 1st second of the test

the number of breaths per minute

41
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

the measure of the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

42
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

What is physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical dead space is all structures of the respiratory tract and structures of the lower respiratory tract to terminal bronchioles

Physiological dead space is a combination of anatomical dead space and the volume of any alveoli with lower than normal gas exchange

43
Q

Partial pressure

A

individual pressure of each gas

44
Q

To determine the rate at which a gas diffuses into and out of a liquid or tissue what 2 factors must be considered?

A
  1. the solubility coefficient of the gas
  2. the molecular weight of the gas
45
Q

The atmospheric air pressure outside of the body is referred to as

Air pressure in the alveoli is called

A

Barometric air pressure (PB)

intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)

46
Q

What 2 factors influence the ability of alveoli to increase and decrease?

A

lung recoil

pleural pressure

47
Q

What is lung recoil

A

the tendency for the lungs to decrease in size after they are stretched

48
Q

What is pleural pressure

A

the pressure within the pleural cavity between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

BIO 224 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions