Ch. 23 Flashcards
What are the 7 structures that make up the respiratory system?
- External nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
What is ventilation?
movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is respiration?
What are the 2 main types of respiration?
the diffusion of gases across plasma membranes
Pulmonary respiration (external)- the movement of gases between air in the lungs and blood
Systemic respiration (internal) - the movement of gases between blood and body cells
What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?
What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
The upper respiratory tract include: External nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx
The lower respiratory tract includes: Trachea, bronchi, lungs
The upper and lower respiratory tracts are further subdivided into what 2 zones?
Conducting zone - structures of the nose to smallest tubes within lungs. Strictly for ventilation
Respiratory zone - solely within the lungs and includes some small air tubes and alveoli. Gas exchange occurs here
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Respiration
- Regulation of blood PH
- Production of chemical mediators - ACE
- Voice production
- Olfaction
- Protection
The nose consists of..
External nose
Nasal cavity (Nares -> vestible -> choanae)
What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
Hard palate
*has a mucous membrane that helps warm and humidify inspired air
What is the nasal septum?
a wall of tissue that separates right and left halves of nasal cavity
What are the 3 lateral bony ridges called on each side of the nasal cavity? what is their function?
What are the tunnels beneath this called?
Conchae
Function - wind turbines
Tunnels beneath are called the meatus
What are the 5 functions of the nasal cavity?
- Passageway for air
- Cleans the air
- Humidifies and warms the air
- Contains olfactory epithelium
- Helps determine voice sound
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
what is the pharynx commonly known as?
Nasopharynx - most superior portion
Oropharynx - continuation of the nasopharynx - middle portion
Laryngopharynx -
AKA the throat - opening of both respiratory and digestive tracts
The larynx is commonly known as
extends from and to?
What are the 6 cartilages composing the larynx?
AKA voice box
extends from the base of the tongue to trachea
- Thyroid cartilage aka adams apple
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Arytenoid cartilage
- Corniclate cartilage
- Cuneiform cartilage
What are the 2 ligaments in the larynx?
Vestibular folds - false vocal cords
Vocal folds - true vocal cords
What are the 4 main functions of the larynx with its carilages?
- Maintains open passageway for air
- Prevents swallowed materials from entering larynx and lower respiratory tract
- Produces sound for speech
- Protects lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
The trachea is also known as
function?
what supports the trachea?
What structure aids in coughing?
Windpipe
allows air to flow into the lungs
Tracheal rings - hyaline cartilage
trachealis muscle
The trachea divides to form 2 smaller tubes called?
Main bronchi, or primary bronchi - each extends to a lung
The tracheobronchial tree consists of
the trachea and network of air tubes in the lungs
What are the 4 classes of air passageways, from largest to smallest?
Lobar bronchi - secondary bronchi - arise directly from main bronchi
Segmental bronchi - tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Bronchodilation?
Bronchoconstriction?
Bronchodilation - when the smooth muscle relaxes increases diamter
Bronchoconstriction - when smooth muscle contracts decreasing diameter
What are alveoli?
small air filled chambers where air and the blood come in close contact with each other
What are the 2 types of cells in the alveolar wall?
Type 1 pneumocytes - thin squamous epithelial cells that form 90% of the alveolar surface
Type 2 pneumocytes - round or cube-shaped secretory cells that produce surfactant
What are the components of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar cell layer
Capillary endothelial layer
Interstitial space between alveolar and capillary layer
What are the layers of respiration?
- Thin layer of alveolar fluid
- Alveolar epitheloum - simple squamous
- Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
- Thin interstitial space
- Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
- Capillary endothelium - simple squamous
What does the thoracic wall consist of?
Thoracic vertebrae
ribs
costal cartilage
sternum
associated muscles
What is the hilum?
Hilum is an indentation of the medial surface of the lung, where structures such as main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter or exit the lung
all referred to as the root of the lung
What are the 2 lymphatic vessels to the lungs?
Superficial lymphatic vessels - deep to connective tissue
deep lymphatic vessels - follow the bronchi
What are the muscles of inspiration?
Diaphragm
external intercostals
pectoralis minor
scalene muscles
What are the muscles of expiration?
internal intercostals
transverse thoracis with assistance from abdominal muscles
What is boyles law?
P=k/v
p= pressure
k=constant for given temperature
v=volume of container
What is spirometry?
What is the device used to measure?
the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system
Spirometer
What is tidal volume?
the normal volume of air inspired and expired in each breath
at rest 500 ml
What is respiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration
approx 3000 ml at rest
What is expiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration
approx 1100 ml at rest
What is residual volume?
the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration
approx 1200ml
What are pulmonary capacities?
Inspiratory capacity?
Functional residual capacity?
Vital capacity?
Total lung capacity?
Pulmonary capacities are the sum of 2 or more pulmonary volumes
Inspiratory capacity is the tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
Functional residual capacity is expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
Vital capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory volume
Total lung capacity is the sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus tidal and residual volumes
What is the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec?
what is the respiratory rate?
the amount of air expired within the 1st second of the test
the number of breaths per minute
Alveolar ventilation
the measure of the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute
What is anatomical dead space?
What is physiological dead space?
Anatomical dead space is all structures of the respiratory tract and structures of the lower respiratory tract to terminal bronchioles
Physiological dead space is a combination of anatomical dead space and the volume of any alveoli with lower than normal gas exchange
Partial pressure
individual pressure of each gas
To determine the rate at which a gas diffuses into and out of a liquid or tissue what 2 factors must be considered?
- the solubility coefficient of the gas
- the molecular weight of the gas
The atmospheric air pressure outside of the body is referred to as
Air pressure in the alveoli is called
Barometric air pressure (PB)
intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)
What 2 factors influence the ability of alveoli to increase and decrease?
lung recoil
pleural pressure
What is lung recoil
the tendency for the lungs to decrease in size after they are stretched
What is pleural pressure
the pressure within the pleural cavity between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
