Ch 10 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What does closed-angle glaucoma mean?
A
a type of primary glaucoma of the eye that is characterized by a shallow anterior chamber and a narrow angle that compromises filtration because the iris is blocking the angle and is causing an increase in intraocular pressure
2
Q
What does conjunctivitis mean?
A
inflammation of the conjunctiva
3
Q
What does cycloplegia mean?
A
paralysis of the ciliary muscle
4
Q
What does ectropion mean?
A
a rolling outward (i.e., away from the eye) or sagging of the eyelid. Many times, the conjunctiva is plainly visible.
5
Q
What does entropion mean?
A
a rolling inward (i.e., toward the cornea) of the eyelid
6
Q
What does glaucoma mean?
A
a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the retina and the optic nerve.
7
Q
What does keratitis mean?
A
inflammation of the cornea
8
Q
What does mydriasis mean?
A
dilation of the pupil
9
Q
What does open-angle glaucoma mean?
A
a type of primary glaucoma of the eye in which the angle of the anterior chamber remains open, but filtration of the aqueous humor is gradually reduced, causing an increase in intraocular pressure
10
Q
What does uvea mean?
A
the vascular layer of the eye that comprises the iris, ciliary body, and choroid
11
Q
What does uveitis mean?
A
inflammation of the uvea
12
Q
What agents are used to dilate the eyes?
A
mydriatic agents
13
Q
Why are eyes dilated?
A
this action facilitates examination of the posterior segment and the fundus of the eye
14
Q
What does fundus mean?
A
The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye, opposite the lens, and includes the retina, optic disc, macula and fovea, and posterior pole.
15
Q
What do cycloplegic agents do?
A
paralyze the accommodative muscle of the ciliary body which can minimize pain associated with ciliary spasms
16
Q
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride is used to?
A
- produce mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) but does not produce cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle)
- used in the evaluation of uveitis, glaucoma, or schleritis
- used before conjunctival surgery to reduce hemorrhage
- used in combination with atropine before cataract or intraocular surgery
- used to detect the presence of Homer’s syndrome
17
Q
What is Homer’s syndrome?
A
The signs generally include a sunken in eye (enophthalmia) with a small pupil (miosis), a droopy upper eyelid (ptosis) and a prominant third eyelid. Can have some similar signs as uveitis.
18
Q
What are some adverse side effects of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride?
A
- local discomfort after application
- frequent use may lead to inflammation
19
Q
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride is also used in?
A
cough preparations but at a higher concentration
20
Q
Atrophine Sulfate is one of the ophthalmic agents used to produce?
A
mydrasis and cycloplegia
21
Q
What are the clinical uses for atrophine sulfate?
A
used for refraction or for the treatment of acute inflammatory conditions of the anterior uveal tract
22
Q
What are the adverse side effects of atrophine?
A
- salivation
- it is contraindicated in glaucoma and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS or dry eye)
23
Q
What does Homatropine Hydrobromide do?
A
produces mydriasis and cycloplegia but is less potent than atropine
24
Q
What are the clinical uses for Homatropine Hydrobromide?
A
is used for refraction and for the treatment of uveitis
25
What are the adverse side effects of Homatropine Hydrobromide?
- salivation
| - it is contraindicated in glaucoma and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS or dry eye)
26
Cyclopentolate hydrochloride is used for ?
refraction
27
What are the adverse side affects of Cyclopentolate hydrochloride?
- salivation
| - it is contraindicated in glaucoma and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS or dry eye)
28
What is Tropicamide?
a rapid-acting mydriatic that has less cycloplegic effect than all of the previous drugs
29
What are the clinical uses of Tropicamide?
- used for ocular fundus examination
30
What are the adverse side effects for Tropicamide?
local discomfort after application and salivation. Contraindications are the same as atropine
31
What is Epinephrine?
administered topically and is available as epinephrine and dipivalyl epinephrine.
32
Dipivalyl ephinephrine readily penetrates?
the corneal barrier and is converted to epinephrine in the cornea
33
What are the clinical uses for Epinephrine?
used to reduce intraocular pressure, produce mydriasis, or aid in the diagnosis of Homer's syndrome
34
What are the adverse side effects of Epinephrine?
these include local irritation
| Contraindicated in closed-angle glaucoma
35
What does Miotics do?
produce pupillary constriction
36
How are Miotics used?
in the treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma, acute and chronic closed-angle glaucoma, and some cases of secondary glaucoma
37
Miotics reduce?
intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor
38
What is Pilocarpine?
a cholinergic drug that is commonly used to treat open-angle glaucoma
39
What are the clinical uses for Pilocarpine?
stimulation of tear production in some case of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, as well as the treatment of glaucoma
40
What are the adverse side effects of Pilocarpine?
local irritation and discomfort. Repeated use may cause vomiting, diarrhea, and salivation
41
What is Demecarium bromide?
a potent carbamate inhibitor that can reduce intraocular pressure in dogs for up to 48 hours
42
What are the clinical uses for Demecarium bromide?
preventative management of the contralateral eye after diagnosis of acute glaucoma in the other eye
43
What are the adverse side effects in Demecarium bromide?
local irritation of the eye and/or salivation , vomiting, and diarrhea
44
What do Cargonic Anhydrase Inhibitors do?
- reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing the production of aqueous humor
- are used to control glaucoma
45
What are the Miotics?
- Pilocarpine
| - Demecarium Bromide
46
How are Miotics administered?
orally or intravenously
47
What are the adverse side effects of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors?
vomiting, diarrhea, panting and weakness
48
The Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists are the?
beta-adrenergic blockng agents used to treat glaucoma which include timolol, betaxolol, carteolol, levobunolol, and metripranolol
49
What is Timolol Maleate?
an ophthalmic beta blocker with action that results in decreased production of aqueous humor
50
What are some clinical uses of Timolol Maleate?
used in the contralateral eye of a dog with primary glaucoma to prevent the development of bilateral disease. It reduces intraocular pressure to some extent, but it is not as effective in the treatment of glaucoma
51
What are the adverse side effects for Timolol Maleate?
are uncommon but may be contraindicated in some patients with cardiovascular disease or bronchoconstrictive disease
52
What is Betaxolol?
a specific beta-1 adrenergic blocking agent that reduces aqueous humor production by decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in the ciliary body
53
What are the clinical uses for Betaxolol?
uses for the treatment of glaucoma, especially in animals with respiratory disease or asthma
54
What are the side effects for Betaxolol?
similar to effects of Timolol
| are uncommon but may be contraindicated in some patients with cardiovascular disease or bronchoconstrictive disease
55
What is Carteolol?
a nonspecific adrenergic blocking agent that reduces aqueous humor production similarly to betaxolol
56
What are the clinical uses for Carteolol?
used for the control of primary glaucoma in cats
57
What are the side effects for Carteolol?
similar to effects of Timolol
| are uncommon but may be contraindicated in some patients with cardiovascular disease or bronchoconstrictive disease
58
What is Levobunolol?
a beta-1 and beta-2 blocker similar to timolol but without the potential for myocardial depression or airway constriction
59
What are the clinical uses for Levobunolol?
used to great glaucoma in feline patients with asthma
60
What is Metipranolol?
a nonselective beta blocking agent
61
What is the clinical uses for Metipranolol?
used for the management of primary open-angle glaucoma in cats
62
What are the Sympathomimetics that are used to control glaucoma?
Apraclonidine and brimonidine
63
What is Apraclonidine?
It is a alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that is used to reduce aqueous humor production
64
What is the clinical uses for Apraclonidine?
used for the treatment of glaucoma
65
What are the adverse side effects for Apraclonidine?
may cause vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats
66
What is Brimonidine?
an alpha-adrenergic agonist that reduces aqueous humor production and increases aqueous humor outflow
67
What are the clinical uses for Brimonidine?
used for the treatment of glucoma
68
What are Topical Prostaglandins?
analogs decrease intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor through the uveal and scleral pathways
69
What are the Osmotic Diuretics?
Mannitol and Glycerol
70
What is Mannitol?
an osmotic diuretic that is administered intravenously in emergency situations to reduce intraocular pressure
71
What is the adverse side effects for Mannitol?
include fluid and electrolyte imbalance, nausea, vomiting, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure and tachycardia
72
What is Glycerol (Glycerin)?
an osmotic diuretic that is administered orally to reduce intraocular pressure in emergency situations
73
What are the side effects for Glycerol (Glycerin)?
vomiting may occur after administration
74
Gycerol acts more slowly than?
Mannitol
75
What are Topical Anesthetics?
they anesthetize the corneal surface and are commonly used to facilitate removal of a foreign body or sutures, to allow the use of instruments to measure intraocular pressure, or to aid in the application of a hydrophilic contact lens
76
What are some topical anesthetics?
- Proparacaine Hydrochloride
| - Tetracaine and Tetracaine Hydrochloride
77
What is Proparacaine Hydrochloride?
a commonly used topical anesthetic which lasts 5 to 10 minutes.
78
What are the adverse side effects of Proparacaine Hydrochloride?
these are very uncommon
79
Tech. Notes under topical anesthetics. Unstored bottles may be stored at ____ temperature, but opened bottles should be _____. Any discolored solutions should be _____.
room
refrigerated
discarded
80
Ophthalmic solutions should be ____ (i.e., those stored in the refrigerator) to room temperature before administering into the patients eye.
warmed
81
What is tetracaine and tetracaine hydrochloride?
used for anesthetizing the cornea
82
What are the adverse side effects of tetracaine and tetracaine hydrochloride?
irritation, which usually is resolved within a short period after administration
83
Tech notes.
Different from proparacaine, tetracaine ____ the growth of microorganisms, and cultures should be obtained before its _____.
inhibits
| administration
84
What are Ophthalmic Stains used for?
used as diagnostic aids for detecting disease in the anterior and posterior segments and in the nasolacrimal system.
85
What dye is used for the detection of corneal epithelial defects
Fluorescein stain (i.e. strips)
86
If the epithelium is intact, the stain does not adhere because of the differences in _____.
solubility
87
If the epithelium is ______, as in the case of a corneal ulcer, the stain gains access to the water-soluble stroma where it adheres and remains after the eye is rinsed.
eroded
88
Appearance of ____ stain at the nostril opening indicates functional ____ of the nasolacrimal drainage system.
fluorescent
| patency
89
_____ ____ is another stain used in the eye.
Phenol red
90
The Phenol red Thread test is used to measure ____ _____ in the eye.
tear production
91
___ ____ is another stain that is used in the eye to detect dead epithelial cells and mucus.
Rose bengal
92
Collagen Shields are biodegradable ____ ___ - shaped films made from porcine or bovine collagen
contact lens
93
Collagen shields dissolve in ___ to ___ hours because of enzymes found in tears.
12 to 72
94
What are the clinical uses for collagen shields?
used in the treatment of superfical corneal ulcers
95
Tech note
A ____ ____ anesthetic should be used before the shield is placed onto the eye. It may be necessary to sedate the animal with a short-acting general anesthetic
topical ophthalmic
96
What are the topical ophthalmic antiinfectives?
- antiviral agents
- antifungal agents
- antibacterial agents
97
What are antiviral agents used for?
to treat viral infections of the eye, such as herpes simplex keratitis (e.g., feline ocular herpes)
98
What are antifungal agents used for?
to treat ophtalmic fungal infections such as mycotic keratitis (occurs in horses), mycotic, endophthalmitis, and blepharodermatomycosis
99
What are the Antibacterial Agents used for?
to treat superficial ocular infections resulting from bacterial organisms
100
Bacitracin is used?
topically to treat superficial ocular infections that result from gram-positive bacteria
101
Bacitracin is often combined with?
other antibacterial agents - neomycin and polymyxin B
102
Chloramphenicol is used for?
topical ophthalmic administration
103
Gentamicin is used topically to?
treat conjunctivitis
104
Polymyxin B sulfate is effective against?
gram-negative organisms
105
Oxytetracycline is used to treat?
superficial ocular infections
106
Neomycin provides?
broad-spectrum activity
107
Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic antibiotics are used to treat?
established gram-negative corneal infections
108
Tobramycin is used for?
conditions for which gentamicin is used
109
What are the topical Ophthalmic Antiinflammatory Agents?
Nonsterioidal agents, Topical corticosteroid Agents
110
What are the agents for the treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca?
Cyclosporine, Artifical tear products and Ocular Lubricants
111
What is the most common parasite affecting the ears of cats, dogs, and rabbits?
ear mites
