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Physiology Il > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system consists of what ?

A

A sensory part (sensory input)
A central part (integrative portion )
Motor part (motor output )

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2
Q

The nervous system is subdivided into what ?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What is the CNS consisting of ?

A

Brain protected by the skull
Spinal cord enclosed by the vertebral column

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4
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of what ?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

What is the structural unit of nervous system ?

A

Neuron

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6
Q

What are the type of neuroglial cells?

A

Microglia
Macroglia - oligodendroglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes

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7
Q

What are astrocytes important for ?

A

Blood-brain barrier

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8
Q

What is a synapse ?

A

The site of contact between two neurons

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9
Q

What are the two methods by which synaptic transmission occurs ?

A

Chemical synapse
Electrical synapse

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10
Q

What are the excitatory chemical transmitters ?

A

Acetyl choline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin

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11
Q

What is spatial summation ?

A

Many synaptic knobs discharge at the same time

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12
Q

What is temporal summation ?

A

Rapid, repeated discharge from single knob

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13
Q

What are the inhibitory chemical transmitters ?

A

GABA
Glycine

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14
Q

What are the properties of synaptic transmissions ?

A

Law of forward direction
Synaptic delay
Synaptic fatigue
Summation of post synaptic potential

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15
Q

How long is the synaptic delay ?

A

O.5 msec

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16
Q

What is the synaptic delay needed for ?

A

For release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic knobs

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17
Q

What are type of somatic sensations ?

A

Superficial
Deep sensations
Combined sensation

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18
Q

Superficial sensations include what ?

A

Pain
Temperature
Touch

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19
Q

What are the two types of touch ?

A

Crude (light) touch
Fine touch

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20
Q

What does fine touch include ?

A

Tactile localization
Tactile discrimination

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21
Q

What is tactile localization ?

A

The ability of the person with closed eyes to localize the stimulated area of the skin

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22
Q

What is tactile discrimination ?

A

The ability of the person with closed eyes to differentiate between 2 touch stimuli

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23
Q

What is deep sensation ?

A

From muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints

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24
Q

Deep sensations includes what?

A

Proprioceptive sensation
Deep pressure sense
Sense of muscle tension
Muscle sense

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25
Q

What does proprioceptive sensation include ?

A

Sense of position
Sense of movements

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26
Q

What is graphesthesia ?

A

Related to writing

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27
Q

What is stereognosis ?

A

The ability of the person with closed eyes to recognize the nature of a familiar object placed in his hands

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28
Q

Special senses include what ?

A

Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste

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29
Q

What is withdrawal reflex ?

A

A protective mechanism

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30
Q

What are the types of pain ?

A

Fast (sharp) pain
Slow (delayed) pain
Referred pain

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31
Q

Fast pain is conducted by what ?

A

A delta nerve fibers

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32
Q

Slow pain is conducted by what ?

A

Unmyelinated C nerve fibers

33
Q

What is referred pain ?

A

Pain going somewhere else

34
Q

What are the examples of referred pain ?

A
35
Q

What does the reflex arc consist of ?

A

Receptor
Afferent fiber
Center
Efferent fiber
Effecter organ

36
Q

Sensory neurons is which fiber ?

A

Afferent fiber

37
Q

Motor neuron is which fiber ?

A

Efferent fiber

38
Q

What are the types of reflex arc ?

A

Monosynaptic
Polysynaptic

39
Q

What is monosynaptic reflex arc ?

A

No interneurons as the afferent synapses directly with the efferent fibers

40
Q

Example of monosynaptic reflex arc

A

Stretch reflex

41
Q

What is polysynaptic reflex arc ?

A

Interneurons are present between the afferent and efferent fibers

42
Q

Example of polysynaptic reflex arc

A

Most of the body reflexes

43
Q

What are the types of central reflexes ?

A

Conditioned reflexes
Unconditioned reflexes

44
Q

What are conditioned reflexes ?

A

Acquired after birth, needs education and training and integrated in the cerebral cortex

45
Q

What are unconditioned reflexes ?

A

Inborn reflexes

46
Q

What are types of superficial reflexes ?

A

Corneal reflex
Plantar reflex abdominal reflex
Withdrawal reflex

47
Q

What is corneal reflex ?

A
48
Q

What is plantar reflex ?

A
49
Q

What is muscle tone ?

A

A state of partial continuous contraction of skeletal muscle at rest

50
Q

Muscle tone is present where ?

A

Antigravity muscles

51
Q

What is the function of muscle tone ?

A

Keeping the erect posture of the body by contraction of the antigravity muscles

52
Q

What are the properties of reflex action ?

A

Law of forward direction
Central delay
Central fatigue

53
Q

What is central delay in reflex action ?

A

The total reflex time is the time between the stimulus application and the appearance of the response

54
Q

What does the central delay in reflex action include ?

A

Time of the conduction along the afferent
Latent period of the muscle

55
Q

What is central fatigue ?

A
56
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Macrophages of CNS that phagocytose tissue debris and help in tissue repair

57
Q

What is the function of oligodendroglia ?

A

Forms and maintains the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

58
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Forms and maintains the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS

59
Q

What is the difference between chemical and electrical synapse ?

A

Electrical is faster and the impulse transmission occurs in both directions

60
Q

What does combined sensation include ?

A

Vibration sense
Stereognosis
Texture of materials
Graphesthesia

61
Q

What is corticospinal tract ?

A
62
Q

The pyramidal tract is associated with which part?

A

Distal part

63
Q

What are the functions of pyramidal tract ?

A

Initiates fine movement
Facilitatory to muscle tone
Inhibits the primitive withdrawal reflex

64
Q

Where does the extra pyramidal tract originate?

A

Originates from the premotor areas then descends to basal ganglia, reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, red nuclei

65
Q

Which part is the extra pyramidal tract associated with ?

A

Proximal part

66
Q

What are the functions of extra pyramidal tracts ?

A

Control gross movement
Provide postural background
Responsible for subconscious associated movements
Regulation of muscle tone

67
Q

What are he two neurons the motor pathways include?

A
68
Q

In which motor neuron are the reflexes exaggerated ?

A

Upper motor neuron

69
Q

In which motor neuron are the reflexes low?

A

Lower motor neuron

70
Q

What are the cerebellum functions ?

A

Control of equilibrium and postural movements
Control of voluntary movements

71
Q

What is included in control voluntary movement function if the cerebellum ?

A

Servo-comparator function - comparing plan with performance
Damping (stopping) of movements - cerebellum acts as a brake to stop the movement precisely at the intended point
Control of ballistic movements - very rapid movement
Planning of sequential movements - smooth transition from one sequence of movement to the next

72
Q

Cerebellum functions can be tested by what?

A
73
Q

What is the function of the brain in communication ?

A

Sensory part (language input) - involves ears and eyes
Motor aspect (language output) - involves vocalization

74
Q

What is associated learning ?

A

Developed by repeatedly pairing of a stimulus with another one

75
Q

What are the two main forms of memory ?

A

Implicit memory
Explicit memory

76
Q

What is implicit memory ?

A

It is totally at the subconscious level

77
Q

What is explicit memory ?

A

It is the conscious recall of information

78
Q

What are types of explicit memory ?

A

Episodic memory - memory of events
Semantic memory - memory of words, rules and language

79
Q

What are type of memory ?

A

Primary memory - short term
Secondary memory - long term

Physiology Il (47 decks)

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