Cellular Injury, Adaptation, & Death Flashcards
Define: Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Define: Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Define: Atrophy
Decrease in cell size
Define: Metaplasia
Change in one type of cell to another
Define: Dysplasia
Change in cell organization
2 Components to Oxygen Depravation
1) Blood Flow
2) O2 Carriage
4 Types of Inflammation
1) Acute
2) Chronic
3) Antigen-driven
4) Nonantigen driven
8 Type of Disease Pathogenesis
1) Inflammation
2) Repair
3) Adaptive Growth
4) Change in cytoplasmic organelles
5) Necrosis
6) Apoptosis
7) Neoplasia
8) Maldevelopment
3 Major Types of Change in cytoplasmic organelles
1) Hydropic Change
2) Fatty Change
3) Lysosomal Storage
Most vulnerabe intracellular targets (5)
1) Plasma Membrane
2) Aerobic Respiration
3) Protein Synthesis
4) Cytoskeleton
5) Genetic Machinery
What types of cell injuries are usually reversible?
Acute, sublethal
Characteristic Morphologic changes found in Reversible Cell Injuries (6)
1) Hydropic swelling
2) ER swelling
3) Mitochondrial swelling
4) Membrane surface blebbing
5) Ribosomal detachment
6) Nuclear disaggregation
What determines the cell’s reaction to a stressor?
Frequency and Severity
What usually accompanies Hypertrophy?
Hyperplasia
Also linked to increase in cell function
What is the most common form of metaplasia?
Replacement of Glanduar Epithelium with Squamous Cells due to persistent injury
Fully Reversible
What is Dysplasia often associated with?
Squamous metaplasia
Is a pre-neoplastic condition
May or may not regress
Types of Necrosis (5)
1) Coagulative
2) Liquefactive
3) Fat
4) Caseous
5) Fibrinoid
Coagulative Necrosis
- Denaturation of proteins with preservation of cell outline
- Nuclear dissolution/pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
- Ischemia is most important cause
- Characteristic of: hypoxic cell death (except in brain)
Liquefactive Necrosis
- Cell digested into a viscous mass
- characteristic of: bacterial/fungal infections
Fat Necrosis
- Fat destruction
- Characteristic of: Actue Pancreatitis
- from release of active pancreatic enzymes into tissue
Caseous Necrosis
- Special type of coagulative necrosis
- Granulomas and Macrophages present in area
- looks like cottage cheese
- Characteristic of: Tuberculous infection & granulomatous inflammation
FIbrinoid Necrosis
- Injured blood vessels in arteriolar wall
- accumulation of plasma proteins that cause vessel walls to stain intensely with eosin
Characteristics of Apoptosis
1) Genetically determined
2) endonuclease mediated
3) cell shrinkage
4) Cytoplasm stays intact
5) cell becomes membrane bound apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed
What is Apoptosis mediated by?
Endonucleases
