cells and tissues: intro and systems Flashcards
Levels of structural levels
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue (multiple cells coming together for a purpose)
- Organ (tissues aggregate together to form specialised function)
- System
- Organismal (all parts of the body function together to constitute living being)
11 body system
Integumentary
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Integumentary organs
Epidermis
Dermis
- hair follicles
- sweat glands
- nails
- sensory receptors
Hypodermis
Epidermis function
protects surface and deeper tissues; vitamin d production
Dermis Function
feeds dermis; sensory via hairs (lubricated by sebaceous glands); sweat glands for thermoregulation; nails stiffen and protect digits; sensory via receptors (pain, tought, temp, pressure)
Hypodermis
fat storage and blood vessels
Muscular System organs
Skeletal muscles
Axial Muscles
Appendicular muscles
Tendons and aponeuroses
Skeletal muscle function
skeletal movement;
control entrances/exits;
shiver;
skeletal support;
soft tissue protection;
Axial muscle function
axial skeleton support and positioning
Appendicular muscle function
limb movement/support
Tendons and aponeuroses
translate contractile force (flexion/extension);
tendons link muscle to bone and are fibrous and rope like
aponeuroses are sheet like and most often connect muscle to muscle (also to bone)
Skeletal system ‘organs’
bones, cartilage, joints
axial skeleton
appendicular
marrow
cartilage function
springy, flexible material at the interfaces between bones (cushioning)
Axial skeleton function
protects brain + spinal cord, sense organs, and thorax soft tissues. obvious but also coccyx, sacrum, sternum, supporting cartilages and ligaments
Appendicular skeleton function
internal support; external limb positioning; support limb muscles; enables muscles to move axial skeleton
Bone function
structure, mineral storage
red marrow: flat bones produce red blood cells (skull, sternum, ribs, pelvis), megacaryocyte, makes platelets
yellow marrow: fat, can turn to red marrow
Nervous system organs
Central nervous
- brain
- spinal chord
- optic nerve
Peripheral Nervous
- special senses except optic nerve
Brain function (CNS)
complex integrative activities, voluntary and involuntary activities
Spinal cord (CNS)
relay channel, less complex integrative (reflex arc)
Special senses (PNS)
Hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium
PNS
special senses, links CNS to other systems and sense organs
Endocrine organs
pineal gland
hypothalamus/pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
thymus
adrenal
kidneys
pancreas
gonads
Pineal gland function
day/night rhythms, melatonin
Hypothalamus function
control many other glands via secretion; regulate growth and fluid balance
thyroid function
metabolic rate via thyroxine
parathyroid function
calcium regualtion
Thymus function for endocrine and lymphatic
maturations of T lymphocytes
Adrenal glands function
lots of hormones: water/mineral balance; adrenaline; tissue metabolism
Kidneys endocrine function
red blood cell production, blood pressure up, calcium lvls
Pancreas endocrine function
glucose control
Gonads endocrine function
sexual hormone and reproduction
Growth hormone
pituitary and acts on liver to create IGF: too much = gigantism (when young), acromegaly (thickening, when tumour when adult)
Lymphatic organs
contractile for fluid movement:
Vessels
fluid
B + T Cells
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
Lymphatic vessels function
contractile, carry lymph and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins near heart
Lymph fluid
water and protein, fats and fatty acids from gut, fluid from tissues
B + T cells
immune response
Lymph nodes (includes tonsils)
filtration, monitor lymph composition, engulf pathogens and stimulate immune response (lymphadenopathy)
Spleen
giant lymph node: monitors blood cell circulation, recycle red blood cells, immune response
Cardiovascular system organs
heart (pump)
blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
blood
Arteries
heart to capillaries
Capillaries
diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid
veins
capillaries to heart
Blood
oxygen and CO2 transport, nutrient and waste transport, temp reg, immune response, acid base balance
respitory system organs
nasal cavity
Pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
diaphragm (muscle)
Nasal cavity function
filter and warm air, smell
pharynx for resp.
conduct air to larynx
larynx function
protect trachea openin, vocal chords
trachea
conduct air to bronchi, supported by cartilage
bronchi
trachea to lungs
lungs
acid base; alveoli are the site of CO2 and O2 diffusion
Digestive organs
oral cavity
salivary
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
large intestine
anus
oral cavity
break food
salivary glands
buffers and lubricant, begins digestion
pharynx for digest
food to oesophagus
oesaphagus
food to stomach
stomach
acid, enzymes, hormones, breaks down food
small intestine
digestive enzymes, buffers, hormones, absorption of nutrients
Liver
bile (digestion) secretion, regulate nutrients
Gallbaldder
concentrate bile
pancreas for digest.
makes digestive juices, buffers, endocrine
Large intestine and anus
water removal, waste storage and removal
Urinary system
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
kidneys for urinary
urine, pH and ion regulation, blood volume/pressue regulation, endocrine function
ureters
urine to bladder
bladder
urine storage
urethra
urine to exterior
EPO (erythropoietin)
glycoprotein for erythropoiesis (creates more red blood cells)
Reproductive system male
testes (sperm production)
epididymis (maturation)
ductus (vas) deferens (conduct from epididymis)
seminal glands (seminal fluid prod.)
prostate gland (seminal fluid prod.)
urethra
penis
scrotum (thermal control, and protection)
Female reproductive
ovaries (oocytes and hormones)
uterine tubes (oocyte delivery and fert.)
uterus (oven)
vagina and ext. genitalia (lube, sperm reception, birth canal)
mammary glands (integumentary, modifies sweat, make milk)
4 Tissues
Epithelial
Nervous
Connective
Muscle
epithelial function
protection, filtration, secretion, excretion, absorption
