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Biosci 107 > cells and tissues: intro and systems > Flashcards

cells and tissues: intro and systems Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of structural levels

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue (multiple cells coming together for a purpose)
  4. Organ (tissues aggregate together to form specialised function)
  5. System
  6. Organismal (all parts of the body function together to constitute living being)
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2
Q

11 body system

A

Integumentary
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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3
Q

Integumentary organs

A

Epidermis
Dermis
- hair follicles
- sweat glands
- nails
- sensory receptors
Hypodermis

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4
Q

Epidermis function

A

protects surface and deeper tissues; vitamin d production

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5
Q

Dermis Function

A

feeds dermis; sensory via hairs (lubricated by sebaceous glands); sweat glands for thermoregulation; nails stiffen and protect digits; sensory via receptors (pain, tought, temp, pressure)

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6
Q

Hypodermis

A

fat storage and blood vessels

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7
Q

Muscular System organs

A

Skeletal muscles
Axial Muscles
Appendicular muscles
Tendons and aponeuroses

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle function

A

skeletal movement;
control entrances/exits;
shiver;
skeletal support;
soft tissue protection;

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9
Q

Axial muscle function

A

axial skeleton support and positioning

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10
Q

Appendicular muscle function

A

limb movement/support

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11
Q

Tendons and aponeuroses

A

translate contractile force (flexion/extension);
tendons link muscle to bone and are fibrous and rope like
aponeuroses are sheet like and most often connect muscle to muscle (also to bone)

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12
Q

Skeletal system ‘organs’

A

bones, cartilage, joints
axial skeleton
appendicular
marrow

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13
Q

cartilage function

A

springy, flexible material at the interfaces between bones (cushioning)

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14
Q

Axial skeleton function

A

protects brain + spinal cord, sense organs, and thorax soft tissues. obvious but also coccyx, sacrum, sternum, supporting cartilages and ligaments

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15
Q

Appendicular skeleton function

A

internal support; external limb positioning; support limb muscles; enables muscles to move axial skeleton

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16
Q

Bone function

A

structure, mineral storage
red marrow: flat bones produce red blood cells (skull, sternum, ribs, pelvis), megacaryocyte, makes platelets
yellow marrow: fat, can turn to red marrow

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17
Q

Nervous system organs

A

Central nervous
- brain
- spinal chord
- optic nerve
Peripheral Nervous
- special senses except optic nerve

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18
Q

Brain function (CNS)

A

complex integrative activities, voluntary and involuntary activities

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19
Q

Spinal cord (CNS)

A

relay channel, less complex integrative (reflex arc)

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20
Q

Special senses (PNS)

A

Hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium

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21
Q

PNS

A

special senses, links CNS to other systems and sense organs

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22
Q

Endocrine organs

A

pineal gland
hypothalamus/pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
thymus
adrenal
kidneys
pancreas
gonads

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23
Q

Pineal gland function

A

day/night rhythms, melatonin

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24
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

control many other glands via secretion; regulate growth and fluid balance

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25
Q

thyroid function

A

metabolic rate via thyroxine

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26
Q

parathyroid function

A

calcium regualtion

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27
Q

Thymus function for endocrine and lymphatic

A

maturations of T lymphocytes

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28
Q

Adrenal glands function

A

lots of hormones: water/mineral balance; adrenaline; tissue metabolism

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29
Q

Kidneys endocrine function

A

red blood cell production, blood pressure up, calcium lvls

30
Q

Pancreas endocrine function

A

glucose control

31
Q

Gonads endocrine function

A

sexual hormone and reproduction

32
Q

Growth hormone

A

pituitary and acts on liver to create IGF: too much = gigantism (when young), acromegaly (thickening, when tumour when adult)

33
Q

Lymphatic organs

A

contractile for fluid movement:
Vessels
fluid
B + T Cells
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus

34
Q

Lymphatic vessels function

A

contractile, carry lymph and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins near heart

35
Q

Lymph fluid

A

water and protein, fats and fatty acids from gut, fluid from tissues

36
Q

B + T cells

A

immune response

37
Q

Lymph nodes (includes tonsils)

A

filtration, monitor lymph composition, engulf pathogens and stimulate immune response (lymphadenopathy)

38
Q

Spleen

A

giant lymph node: monitors blood cell circulation, recycle red blood cells, immune response

39
Q

Cardiovascular system organs

A

heart (pump)
blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
blood

40
Q

Arteries

A

heart to capillaries

41
Q

Capillaries

A

diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid

42
Q

veins

A

capillaries to heart

43
Q

Blood

A

oxygen and CO2 transport, nutrient and waste transport, temp reg, immune response, acid base balance

44
Q

respitory system organs

A

nasal cavity
Pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
diaphragm (muscle)

45
Q

Nasal cavity function

A

filter and warm air, smell

46
Q

pharynx for resp.

A

conduct air to larynx

47
Q

larynx function

A

protect trachea openin, vocal chords

48
Q

trachea

A

conduct air to bronchi, supported by cartilage

49
Q

bronchi

A

trachea to lungs

50
Q

lungs

A

acid base; alveoli are the site of CO2 and O2 diffusion

51
Q

Digestive organs

A

oral cavity
salivary
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
large intestine
anus

52
Q

oral cavity

A

break food

53
Q

salivary glands

A

buffers and lubricant, begins digestion

54
Q

pharynx for digest

A

food to oesophagus

55
Q

oesaphagus

A

food to stomach

56
Q

stomach

A

acid, enzymes, hormones, breaks down food

57
Q

small intestine

A

digestive enzymes, buffers, hormones, absorption of nutrients

58
Q

Liver

A

bile (digestion) secretion, regulate nutrients

59
Q

Gallbaldder

A

concentrate bile

60
Q

pancreas for digest.

A

makes digestive juices, buffers, endocrine

61
Q

Large intestine and anus

A

water removal, waste storage and removal

62
Q

Urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

63
Q

kidneys for urinary

A

urine, pH and ion regulation, blood volume/pressue regulation, endocrine function

64
Q

ureters

A

urine to bladder

65
Q

bladder

A

urine storage

66
Q

urethra

A

urine to exterior

67
Q

EPO (erythropoietin)

A

glycoprotein for erythropoiesis (creates more red blood cells)

68
Q

Reproductive system male

A

testes (sperm production)
epididymis (maturation)
ductus (vas) deferens (conduct from epididymis)
seminal glands (seminal fluid prod.)
prostate gland (seminal fluid prod.)
urethra
penis
scrotum (thermal control, and protection)

69
Q

Female reproductive

A

ovaries (oocytes and hormones)
uterine tubes (oocyte delivery and fert.)
uterus (oven)
vagina and ext. genitalia (lube, sperm reception, birth canal)
mammary glands (integumentary, modifies sweat, make milk)

70
Q

4 Tissues

A

Epithelial
Nervous
Connective
Muscle

71
Q

epithelial function

A

protection, filtration, secretion, excretion, absorption

Biosci 107 (28 decks)

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