Cell structure and function: mutations and cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Small scale mutation

A

substitutions - single base replaced
insertions/deletions (indels)- can cause frame shift

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2
Q

types of mutations

A

germ line - passed to progeny
somatic - local effects, tumors
large - chromosomal rearrangements
small scale - one or few nucleotides

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3
Q

substitutions

A

silent
missense
nonsense

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4
Q

indels

A

cause frameshift if 1 or 2 nt
can maintain frame if 3 nt

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5
Q

Silent mutation

A

single point or base. no effect on protein

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6
Q

Missense mutation

A

single point and it changed the amino acid, impact depends of the importance of that residue on the protein.

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7
Q

nonsense mutation

A

not being read so results in truncated protein. Premature stop, impact depends on where stop is

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8
Q

Insertion frame shift

A

addition causes everything to shift down so codons won’t be read they way they are meant to be read effectively changed the protein entirely

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9
Q

Frame shift via deletion

A

everything shifts back and codons won’t have their bases read in the threes they were meant to. effectively changed the protein entirely

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10
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

dictates whether mitosis will start
cyclin and cyclin dependant kinase form a complex called MPF that signals for the mitosis to occur.

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11
Q

Stop/go molecules

A

stop: keep proliferation in check
go: stimulate proliferation
if mutation, can cause cancer

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12
Q

How do cancer mutations arise

A

genetic predisposed: all body cells. inherited. issue or deficiency. multiple need to accumulate
acquired: UV damage, carcinogens, cause multiple mutations

–> loss of cell cycle control

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13
Q

Proto -oncogenes

A

stimulate cell proliferation
become oncogene with mutation = increased function over activatio

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14
Q

tumor suppressor

A

keep proliferation in check
when deactivated, loss of brakes so inhibitory proteins not created and cell cycle continues when it shouldn’t

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