Cell structure and function basics Flashcards
RNA
DNA is the heritable material with RNA being the messenger and proteins the worker. DNA codes for RNA codes for proteins
Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote
eukaryote have membrane bound organelles and are much larger. pro don’t have a membrane bound nucleus. both have DNA, RNA, Proteins, and ribosomes
Cytoplasm
everything in plasma membrane (incl. organelles) except for nucleus. the fluid is cytosol
major organelles
endomembrane system:
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- ER (RER + SER)
- Golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
Other:
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- flagella
- Plasma membrane
- vesicles/lysosomes/peroxisome/etc,
Plasma membrane
physical barrier, double layer of phsopholipids. tails dislike water so are inside the bilayer
plasma membrane proteins
integral: embedded partially of fully (transmembrane)
peripheral: associated but not embedded
amphipathic: hydrophilic and phobic regions corresponding to where they interact with the bilayer
PM protein functions
transport: channels, transporters, can be selective, gated, general, or not
enzymatic: chemical reactions and can be apart of a team
signal transduction: molecules bind to receptor and then cause signal to pass through via shape change
cell-cell recognition: GAGs used as molecular signatures
junctions: adherens and the like
attatchement: connection to ECM and cytoskeleton
nucleus
houses dna, make rna and ribosomes. douple. molecule segregatuon to allow tempora and spatial control of cell function. lipid bilayer continuous to RER with controlled access.
DNA in nucleus
wrapped around 8 histones to form nucleosomes which are collectively known as chromatin. during cell division chromatin condenses to fibers and then loops, then chromosomes
ribosomes
translate proteins (produce), found free in cytoplasm (non endomembrane destinations) and in RER (non cytosolic proteins)
RER
makes secreted, membrane, and organelle proteins. makes vesicles to transport proteins to golgi. continuous with Nuclear envelope
SER
no ribosomes. houses proteins and enzymes. makes lipids, storage of cell specific proteins
golgi
receives vesicles from RER. made of sacs caller cisternae. modifies proteins further, package and transport
lysosome
digestion of things in cell (things that enter; autophagy - organelles; entire cells - autolysis). formed by golgi
mitochondria
ATP generation. Outer and inner membrane. matrix and cristae. hydrolysis of ATP releases energy