Cell structure and function basics Flashcards

1
Q

RNA

A

DNA is the heritable material with RNA being the messenger and proteins the worker. DNA codes for RNA codes for proteins

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2
Q

Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote

A

eukaryote have membrane bound organelles and are much larger. pro don’t have a membrane bound nucleus. both have DNA, RNA, Proteins, and ribosomes

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything in plasma membrane (incl. organelles) except for nucleus. the fluid is cytosol

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4
Q

major organelles

A

endomembrane system:
- nucleus
- nucleolus
- ER (RER + SER)
- Golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
Other:
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- flagella
- Plasma membrane
- vesicles/lysosomes/peroxisome/etc,

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

physical barrier, double layer of phsopholipids. tails dislike water so are inside the bilayer

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6
Q

plasma membrane proteins

A

integral: embedded partially of fully (transmembrane)
peripheral: associated but not embedded
amphipathic: hydrophilic and phobic regions corresponding to where they interact with the bilayer

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7
Q

PM protein functions

A

transport: channels, transporters, can be selective, gated, general, or not
enzymatic: chemical reactions and can be apart of a team
signal transduction: molecules bind to receptor and then cause signal to pass through via shape change
cell-cell recognition: GAGs used as molecular signatures
junctions: adherens and the like
attatchement: connection to ECM and cytoskeleton

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8
Q

nucleus

A

houses dna, make rna and ribosomes. douple. molecule segregatuon to allow tempora and spatial control of cell function. lipid bilayer continuous to RER with controlled access.

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9
Q

DNA in nucleus

A

wrapped around 8 histones to form nucleosomes which are collectively known as chromatin. during cell division chromatin condenses to fibers and then loops, then chromosomes

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10
Q

ribosomes

A

translate proteins (produce), found free in cytoplasm (non endomembrane destinations) and in RER (non cytosolic proteins)

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11
Q

RER

A

makes secreted, membrane, and organelle proteins. makes vesicles to transport proteins to golgi. continuous with Nuclear envelope

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12
Q

SER

A

no ribosomes. houses proteins and enzymes. makes lipids, storage of cell specific proteins

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13
Q

golgi

A

receives vesicles from RER. made of sacs caller cisternae. modifies proteins further, package and transport

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14
Q

lysosome

A

digestion of things in cell (things that enter; autophagy - organelles; entire cells - autolysis). formed by golgi

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15
Q

mitochondria

A

ATP generation. Outer and inner membrane. matrix and cristae. hydrolysis of ATP releases energy

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16
Q

cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments: ~7nm. bear tension and weight. dynamic
intermediate filaments: 8-12nm bear tension and weight. scaffold, less dynamic
microtubules: 25nm. central lumen, support cell shape and size but allow movement. guide for organelles. assembled and disassembled as needed so are dynamic