Cells and Body Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is I and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Cell/plasma membrane
- S = thin membrane around edge of cell, comprised of a phospholipid bilayer
- F = regulates inputs and outputs of the cell

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2
Q

What is J and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Mitochondrion
- S = double membrane bound organelle containing highly folded cristae
- F= site of aerobic cellular respiration to provide energy for the cell

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3
Q

Apoptosis

A

Natural, regulated, programmed cell death

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Excessive nourishment/development (of cells) > increased size

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5
Q

What is G and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Smooth ER
- S = long network of folded, tube-like structures
- F = synthesizes lipids and hormones

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6
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Simplest unicellular organism, no nucleus (singular circular chromosome instead) or membrane bound organelles

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7
Q

What is B and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Rough ER
- S = long network of folded, tube-like structures, studded with ribosomes
- F = folding and transport of polypeptides into transport vesicles

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8
Q

What is C and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Nucleus
- S = membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomes (DNA)
- F = controls cellular functions by coding for proteins

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9
Q

Necrosis

A

Premature death of cells in living tissue (usually from decreased blood flow > hypoxia)

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10
Q

What is F and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Cytoplasm
- S = consists of the cytosol (gel-like fluid) and all organelles excluding the nucleus
- F = where most chemical reactions take place, cell expansion, growth and replication

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11
Q

What is H and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Lysosome
- S = membrane-bound cell organelle
- F= contains digestive enzymes for the destruction of unwanted cellular material including pathogens

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12
Q

What is E and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Golgi apparatus
- S = folded membranes within the cytoplasm
- F = final modification and packaging of proteins into secretory vesicles, these are stored until needed

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13
Q

Neoplasia

A

New, uncontrolled growth/formation of cells

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14
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Excessive growth/formation of cells > increased number

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15
Q

What is A and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Ribosome
- S = small intracellular structure (not membrane bound) comprised of 2 subunits, made of rRNA and other proteins
- F = site of protein synthesis

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16
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

They make up more complex multicellular organisms, have a nucleus (contains multiple linear chromosomes) and membrane bound organelles

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17
Q

Metaplasia

A

Changing formation/growth of cells

18
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth/formation of cells

19
Q

Atrophy

A

No nourishment/development (of cells) > decreased size or number

20
Q

What is D and what is its structure and function?

OpenStax, 2016 – retrieved and adapted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0312_Animal_Cell_and_Components.jpg. This work is openly licensed by CC BY 4.0.
A

Nucleolus
- S = a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus, comprised mostly of RNA
- F = formation of ribosomes

21
Q

Blast/o
Kary/o

A

Developing cell
Nucleus

22
Q

Necr/o
Cyt/o

A

Death
Cell

23
Q

Reticul/o

A

Network

24
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration, down a concentration gradient (passive > no ATP needed) e.g. gases

25
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive net movement of water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration, down a concentration gradient

26
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of larger molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration, against a concentration gradient (active > requires ATP) e.g. glucose/ions

27
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all chemical reactions occuring in an organism

28
Q

Identify and outline the 2 types of metabolism

A
  • Anabolism: building larger substances, usually requires energy
  • Catabolism: breaking down substances to gain energy
29
Q

Worded equation for aerobic cellular respiration

A

6 glucose + 6 oxygen -> 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + ATP

30
Q

Homeostasis

A

The condition of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, within narrow limits, in the face of external change

31
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Receptor detects stimulus > control centre initiates effector > effector initiates response > response opposes stimulus back to WNL

32
Q

Positive feedback loop + e.g.

A
  • Stimulus > receptor detects stimulus > control centre initiates effector > effector initiates response > response amplifies stimulus
  • e.g. dilation of cervix during childbirth
33
Q

4 Levels of organisation

A
  • Cell: smallest unit of living things, vary in shape, size, function (specialised)
  • Tissue: large numbers of the same type of cell
  • Organ: made of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function within the body
  • Organism: organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
34
Q

Structure and function of enzymes

A
  • S = protein that has an active site specific and complementary to a substrate for its role
  • F = biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy (otherwise metabolic processes will occur too slowly to sustain life)
35
Q

Structure and function of carbohydrates

A
  • S = made of sugars, comprised of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • F = primary energy source as well as energy storage as glycogen in liver and muscles
36
Q

Structure and function of proteins

A
  • S = made of amino acids (AAs) - there are 20 diff AAs inc essential (need in diet b/c not produced in body) and non-essential (don’t need in diet b/c produced in body)
  • F = repair and maintenance, hormones, antibodies, 3rd source of energy, enzymes
37
Q

Structure and function of lipids

A
  • S = hydrophobic, waxy/fatty/oily substances
  • F = insulation for thermoregulation, protection of organs, secondary energy source
38
Q

Structure and function of water

A
  • S = polar substance, colourless liquid at room temp
  • F = transport blood & nutrients, lubrication of joints and cavities, sweating for thermoregulation, removal of waste through urine and faeces
39
Q

Characteristics of living organisms

A
  • Maintain boundaries/movement: separate internal and external environment
  • Reproduction: provide new cells for growth + repair
  • Sensitivity: respond to stimuli
  • Growth: when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive
  • Respiration: inhale O2 and use for production of energy
  • Excretion: waste removal
  • Nutrition/digestion: break down food into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into blood
40
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Abnormal condition of low growth/formation of cells (low number)

41
Q

Aplasia

A

Abnormal condition of congenital absence or incomplete growth/formation of cells