Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a prokaryotic cell?

A

A bacterial cell

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2
Q

What are the features of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Capsule-The capsule enables prokaryotic cells to attach to surfaces in its environment
Flagella-Flagella are tail-like and used for locomotion
Pili-Pili are used to exchange genetic material
Plasmids-small loops of DNA
Circular DNA-coiled up and floats freely
Cytoplasm-chemical reactions take place
Plasma membrane-controls movement of substances in and out of cell
Cell wall-supports structure of cell

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3
Q

What’s the DNA like in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic DNA is found as a circular molecule in the cytoplasm.
Some prokaryotes have smaller loops of DNA called plasmids

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4
Q

What’s a eukaryotic cell?

A

Plant or animal cell

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5
Q

What’s the features of a eukaryotic cell?

A

RER-
SER-
Nucleus-
Nucleolus-
Centrioles-
Microtubules-
Mitochondria-
Ribosomes-
Golgi apparatus-
Lysosome-
Cell membrane-

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6
Q

Describe the process of protein synthesis?

A
  • protein synthesised in the ribosome/RER
    -vesicles then store and transport proteins throughout the cell
    -packaged into a vesicle by the RER
    -vesicle then travels in cytoplasm to the Golgi apparatus
    -protein is modified by Golgi apparatus
    -protein packaged into vesicle by Golgi
    -protein travels (in vesicles) to cell surface membrane where it fuses
    -protein released into the outside environment
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7
Q

How are the sperm adapted?

A

Long tail (flagellum) enabling it to swim
Uses energy released by mitochondria
Contain acrosome in the head of sperm which releases digestive enzymes.

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8
Q

Describe the process of mitosis?

A

-INTERPHASE:
DNA replicated
Christie’s held together by the centromere
-PROPHASE:
Chromosomes become visible
Spindle fibres develop
Spindle fibres attach to centromere
Nuclear membrane disappears
-METAPHASE:
Spindle fibres move chromosomes to line up along the equator of the cell
Spindle fibres are attached to centromere
-ANAPHASE:
Spindle fibres contract
Centromere splits/breaks
Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of cell
-TELOPHASE:
Spindle fibres disappear
Nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes
Chromosomes become less visible
-CYTOKINESIS:
Cytoplasm divides into 2
Cell membrane splits
2 daughter cells result

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9
Q

What are the 6 stages of mitosis called?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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10
Q

The xylem tissue…

A

Carries water and dissolved minerals
Carries them up the plant

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11
Q

The phloem tissue…

A

Transports sugars
Carries them down the plant

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12
Q

What’s the features of the xylem tissue?

A

Lignin (spirals, rings, pitted) - helps to support the plant
There’s no end walls between cells
Outer cells are not living
PARENCHYMA- living cells of the xylem (adjacent to it) - provides all minerals that xylem needs e.g glucose

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13
Q

Characteristics of the phloem tissue…

A

Contain sieve tubes
Have companion cells
Contain sieve plates
Contains cytoplasm
Has PARENCHYMA on outside of cell

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14
Q

What are vascular bundles?

A

Contain the phloem and xylem and sclerenchyma in the “Easter egg” shapes

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15
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

DNA replicates
DNA condenses
Chromosomes arrange themselves into homologous pairs
First division - homologous pairs have separated
Second division - pairs of sister chromatids are separated
4 new daughter cells are produced that are genetically different

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16
Q

What’s a homologous pair?

A

Pairs of matching chromosomes

17
Q

What does totipotency mean?

A

The ability to produce all cell types

18
Q

What does pluripotency mean?

A

The ability of a stem cell to produce all the specialised cells in an organism

19
Q

What’s the structure and function of the cell wall?

A

Rigid structure used to support cell, supports plant cells

20
Q

What’s the structure and function of the middle lamella?

A

Outermost layer of the cell, adhesive layer - can sticking adjacent plant cells to another

21
Q

What’s the structure and function of the plasmodesmata?

A

Channels in the cell walls, allows transport of substances

22
Q

What’s the structure and function of pits?

A

Regions of cell wall where it’s very thin and arranged in pairs, allow transport of substances between cells

23
Q

What’s the structure and function of chloroplasts?

A

Flattened structure surrounded by a double membrane, photosynthesis takes place here

24
Q

What’s the structure and function of amyloplasts?

A

Small organelle enclosed in a membrane, store starch grains

25
What’s the structure and function of vacuole and tonoplast?
Vacuole is compartment surrounded by the tonoplast (membrane), vacuole keeps cell turgid (contains water) and tonoplast controls what enters and leaves the cell
26
What’s the function of schlerenchyma fibres?
Provide support
27
What are features of schlerenchyma cells?
Made of bundles of dead cells Hollie lumen and longer than they are wide Have end walls Walls contain lignin and have more cellulose
28
What’s the purpose / function of starch?
Energy storage material in plants
29
What do amylose and amylopectin (2 alpha glucose) make up?
Starch
30
What is amylose?
Ping unbranched chain of ã glucose Coiled structure Compact so good for storage
31
What is amylopectin?
Long unbranched of ã glucose Branched - glucose can be released quickly
32
Is starch insoluble to soluble in water?
Insoluble in water
33
What is cellulose?
Major component in cell walls in plants
34
What’s the structure of cellulose?
Long unbranched chains of ß glucose 1-4 glycosidic bonds
35
Cellulose chains are straight because…
Glycosidic bonds are straight
36
50-80 cellulose chains are joined together via?
Hydrogen bonds
37
What do hydrogen bonds forming mean?
Microfibrils form
38
Where is pectin made?
In the middle lamellae