Carbohydrates Flashcards
Key things about carbohydrates:
Important energy store for plants/animals
Large family of compounds containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Ratio = c:2H:o (1:2:1)
Types of carbohydrates are: sucrose glucose and starches
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides?
Simplest form on a carbohydrate
What are polysaccharides?
What are disaccharides?
What are types of monosaccharides?
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
What’s the structure and function of fructose?
Sugar found naturally in fruit honey and some vegetables
What’s the structure and function of glucose?
Monosaccharide
6 carbon compound
Provides energy and contributes to structure of different parts of a cell
What’s the structure and function of galactose?
Mainly in our diet as a part of lactose disaccharide
What type of reaction joins monosaccharides together and what is it?
Condensation reaction - bond is formed as a result of elimination of a water molecule.
2 glucose molecules joined by a glycosidic bond to make maltose.
What are 2 types of disaccharides?
Sucrose
Maltose
What’s the structure and function of sucrose?
- It’s monomers are glucose and fructose
- Form in which sugar can be transported around the plant.
What’s the structure and function of maltose?
Monomers are 2x glucose.
2 glucose molecules. Produced when analyse breaks down starch.
What are polysaccharides?
Can be composed of thousands of monosaccharides together. Via condensation reactions.
What are 3 examples of polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Whats polysaccharides functions?
Structural support and storage
Insoluble - have no osmotic effect
What are features of storage polysaccharides?
Easily hydrolysed
Compact
What’s amylose?
Made of ã glucose molecules
Joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
300 glucose residues per molecule
Held in helical shape by hydrogen bonds
Form a complex with iodine
What’s amylopectin?
Made of ã glucose residues
Joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Several thousand glucose residues per molecule
Branches ever 20-30 residues
Branches formed by a 1-6 glycosidic bond
Where’s glycogen found?
In cytoplasm of liver and muscle cells and bacteria
How does glycogen differ from amylopectin?
More frequent - branching every 8-12 residues
What’s glycogen stored as?
Granules
What’s cellulose? What does is consist of and what bonds hold it together?
Dietary fibre and referred to as a non-starch polysaccharide
Consisted of ß glucose residues
Held together by a 1-4 glycosidic bond. Thousands of ß glucose residues
I’m straight chains
Chains held together by hydrogen bonds
Up to 2000 chains per microfibril
Describe glucose structure?
Alpha glucose is an isomer of glucose that has -OH group present on the first carbon atom is on the same side as that of the CH2OH molecule group.
Beta glucose is an isomer of D-glucose in which the -OH group placed on the first carbon atom is placed on the opposite side of the CH2OH group.
