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Biology On Steroids > Cell Breathing > Flashcards

Cell Breathing Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the net equation of Glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2 ATP -> 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP

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2
Q

What step of glycolysis does G3P first appear in?

A

Step 4 (cleavage step)

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3
Q

What are the first 5 steps of glycolysis called?

A

Preparatory phase

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4
Q

What is the net cost of the preparatory phase?

A

2 ATP

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5
Q

What does Step 6 of glycolysis require? It’s two things

A

NAD+ (turns into NADH) and Pi

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6
Q

What step does the first ATP (made from an ADP) appear?

A

Step 7 (dephosphorylation)

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7
Q

When does the last ATP appear? (Keep in mind its 2 per G3P)

A

Step 10 (second dephosphorylation)

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8
Q

What else is the result of step 10 of glycolysis besides ATP?

A

Pyruvate

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9
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP and 2 pyruvate

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10
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen? What is that called?

A

No, anaerobic

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11
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

Where does the pyruvate from glycolysis go?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

What does pyruvate join with in the mitochondrial matrix? To form what?

A

Coenzyme A, they form acetyl-CoA

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14
Q

What is the net gain of 2 acetyl-coA being put into the TCA cycle?

A

6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP

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15
Q

How many steps are in the TCA cycle?

A

8

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16
Q

What are molecules needed for the TCA cycle?

A
  • Water
  • NAD+
  • Pi
  • 2 acetyl coA
  • FAD
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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, TCA, oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

Each component of the electron transport chain has a ___ affinity for electrons than the last

A

Higher

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19
Q

What is the creation of ATP called from the TCA and glycolysis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation (direct transfer of Pi)

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20
Q

How do electrons enter the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2 oxidation

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21
Q

Where are protons pumped from in the electron transport chain?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix into the inter membrane space

22
Q

How many H+’s are pumped per e- pair from NADH?

A

10 H+

23
Q

How many H+ are pumped from each pair from FADH2?

A

6 H+

24
Q

What is bound to complex 2 in the ETC? What is complex 2 called?

A

FAD/FADH2

Succinct dehydrogenase

25
Q

How does the movement of electrons power ETC?

A

The electrons give up free energy

26
Q

What does ATP Synthase use to make ATP from ADP?

A

The free energy stored in the echem gradient

27
Q

What are the two components of ATP synthase?

A

F0 - Entrance for H+ and spins when it comes in
F1 - Has the ring with 3 catalytic sites that makes ADP into ATP (bottom half)

28
Q

How much does the rotor spin per H+?

A

1/10 which means it takes 10 H+ to make one full turn

29
Q

How much ATP does one full turn make?

A

3 ATP

30
Q

What is the max yield of aerobic respiration per glucose?

A

38 ATPs

31
Q

What is the maximum ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

34 ATP

32
Q

What happens to the TCA cycle when there is no oxygen?

A

It starts fermentation

33
Q

What happens for oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of oxygen?

A

No proton gradient can be pumped, it stops

34
Q

What does an uncoupled do?

A

Gives H+ another way to get in which decreases ATP synthesis but increases O2 consumption and oxidation of NADH and FADH2

35
Q

Where does electron transport and the proton pump occur in prokaryotes?

A

Plasma membrane

36
Q

Why is glucose a good source of free energy?

A

It is a highly exergonic process

37
Q

How many carbons are in a pyruvate?

A

3 carbons

38
Q

What is the more complex equation of glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi

39
Q

What much ATP is needed for the preparatory phase and what are the results of the preparatory phase?

A

2 ATP

2 G3P + 2 ADP

40
Q

What do kinases do?

A

Transfer Pi’s of course

41
Q

What does the second phase of glycolysis generate?

A

NADH and ATP

42
Q

What is the equation of the second phase of glycolysis?

A

G3P + NAD+ + ADP + Pi -> 3PG + NADH + H+ + ATP

43
Q

Is NAD+ an electron acceptor or donator?

A

Acceptor

44
Q

What is NADH?

A

A coenzyme that REDUCES other compounds which means it DONATES electrons

45
Q

What does the third phase of glycolysis generate?

A

Pyruvate and ATP

46
Q

What is the equation of the third phase of glycolysis?

A

3 PG + ADP -> Pyruvate + ATP

47
Q

What are the two fermentations called?

A

Lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation

48
Q

What is the main purpose of fermentation?

A

Regenerating NAD+

49
Q

How does pyruvate turn into acetyl coA?

A

PDH oxidizes it

50
Q

What does the TCA cycle release?

A

2 CO2 per turn

51
Q

What can inhibit the TCA cycle?

A

ATP and citrate

52
Q

What can amplify the TCA cycle?

A

AMP

Biology On Steroids (17 decks)

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