Cell Breathing Flashcards
What is the net equation of Glycolysis?
Glucose + 2 ATP -> 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP
What step of glycolysis does G3P first appear in?
Step 4 (cleavage step)
What are the first 5 steps of glycolysis called?
Preparatory phase
What is the net cost of the preparatory phase?
2 ATP
What does Step 6 of glycolysis require? It’s two things
NAD+ (turns into NADH) and Pi
What step does the first ATP (made from an ADP) appear?
Step 7 (dephosphorylation)
When does the last ATP appear? (Keep in mind its 2 per G3P)
Step 10 (second dephosphorylation)
What else is the result of step 10 of glycolysis besides ATP?
Pyruvate
What is the net gain of glycolysis?
2 ATP and 2 pyruvate
Does glycolysis require oxygen? What is that called?
No, anaerobic
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
Mitochondria
Where does the pyruvate from glycolysis go?
The mitochondrial matrix
What does pyruvate join with in the mitochondrial matrix? To form what?
Coenzyme A, they form acetyl-CoA
What is the net gain of 2 acetyl-coA being put into the TCA cycle?
6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP
How many steps are in the TCA cycle?
8
What are molecules needed for the TCA cycle?
- Water
- NAD+
- Pi
- 2 acetyl coA
- FAD
What are the 3 parts of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, TCA, oxidative phosphorylation
Each component of the electron transport chain has a ___ affinity for electrons than the last
Higher
What is the creation of ATP called from the TCA and glycolysis?
Substrate level phosphorylation (direct transfer of Pi)
How do electrons enter the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2 oxidation
Where are protons pumped from in the electron transport chain?
In the mitochondrial matrix into the inter membrane space
How many H+’s are pumped per e- pair from NADH?
10 H+
How many H+ are pumped from each pair from FADH2?
6 H+
What is bound to complex 2 in the ETC? What is complex 2 called?
FAD/FADH2
Succinct dehydrogenase
How does the movement of electrons power ETC?
The electrons give up free energy
What does ATP Synthase use to make ATP from ADP?
The free energy stored in the echem gradient
What are the two components of ATP synthase?
F0 - Entrance for H+ and spins when it comes in
F1 - Has the ring with 3 catalytic sites that makes ADP into ATP (bottom half)
How much does the rotor spin per H+?
1/10 which means it takes 10 H+ to make one full turn
How much ATP does one full turn make?
3 ATP
What is the max yield of aerobic respiration per glucose?
38 ATPs
What is the maximum ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation?
34 ATP
What happens to the TCA cycle when there is no oxygen?
It starts fermentation
What happens for oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of oxygen?
No proton gradient can be pumped, it stops
What does an uncoupled do?
Gives H+ another way to get in which decreases ATP synthesis but increases O2 consumption and oxidation of NADH and FADH2
Where does electron transport and the proton pump occur in prokaryotes?
Plasma membrane
Why is glucose a good source of free energy?
It is a highly exergonic process
How many carbons are in a pyruvate?
3 carbons
What is the more complex equation of glycolysis?
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi
What much ATP is needed for the preparatory phase and what are the results of the preparatory phase?
2 ATP
2 G3P + 2 ADP
What do kinases do?
Transfer Pi’s of course
What does the second phase of glycolysis generate?
NADH and ATP
What is the equation of the second phase of glycolysis?
G3P + NAD+ + ADP + Pi -> 3PG + NADH + H+ + ATP
Is NAD+ an electron acceptor or donator?
Acceptor
What is NADH?
A coenzyme that REDUCES other compounds which means it DONATES electrons
What does the third phase of glycolysis generate?
Pyruvate and ATP
What is the equation of the third phase of glycolysis?
3 PG + ADP -> Pyruvate + ATP
What are the two fermentations called?
Lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation
What is the main purpose of fermentation?
Regenerating NAD+
How does pyruvate turn into acetyl coA?
PDH oxidizes it
What does the TCA cycle release?
2 CO2 per turn
What can inhibit the TCA cycle?
ATP and citrate
What can amplify the TCA cycle?
AMP
