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Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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2
Q

True or False: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

A

False.

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3
Q

What is one key feature of prokaryotic cells?

A

They lack a true nucleus.

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4
Q

Which type of cell is generally larger, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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5
Q

What type of cell are plants made of?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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6
Q

True or False: Animal cells have a cell wall.

A

False.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are the basic units of life.

A

Cells.

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8
Q

What structure do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Chloroplasts.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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10
Q

Which organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria.

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11
Q

True or False: All prokaryotes are unicellular.

A

True.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the control center of the cell.

A

nucleus.

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13
Q

What type of DNA do prokaryotic cells typically contain?

A

Circular DNA.

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14
Q

What structure provides support and shape to plant cells?

A

Cell wall.

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15
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular or multicellular.

A

True.

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16
Q

Name the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.

A

Photosynthesis.

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17
Q

What is a common characteristic of all prokaryotic cells?

A

They lack membrane-bound organelles.

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18
Q

Which type of cell has a more complex structure, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic.

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19
Q

True or False: All eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts.

A

False.

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20
Q

What type of cells are fungi made of?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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21
Q

True or False: Bacteria can perform photosynthesis.

A

True (some bacteria can).

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22
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

To provide a medium for biochemical reactions and support organelles.

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23
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells in terms of vacuoles?

A

Plant cells have a large central vacuole, while animal cells have smaller vacuoles.

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24
Q

What type of cell division do prokaryotic cells undergo?

A

Binary fission.

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25
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape.
cytoskeleton.
26
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
To protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits.
27
True or False: Eukaryotic cells can be found in animals, plants, and fungi.
True.
28
What is a distinguishing feature of plant cells?
They contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
29
What type of genetic material do eukaryotic cells have?
Linear DNA organized into chromosomes.
30
Fill in the blank: __________ are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Ribosomes.
31
What is the main role of the cell wall in plants?
To provide structural support and protection.
32
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have complex organelles.
False.
33
What is the function of chloroplasts?
To conduct photosynthesis.
34
Name one function of the vacuole in plant cells.
Storage of nutrients and waste products.
35
Is prokaryotic bigger or eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
36
What do ribosomes do?
Ribosomes are responsible for making proteins.
37
What does a nucleus do?
Control all the activities in the cell
38
What do eukaryotic cells contain?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, DNA enclosed in a nucleus, and cell membrane
39
what do prokaryotic cells contain?
prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid and loop of DNA
40
What are the 2 genetic materials in the prokaryotic cells?
The DNA material and plasmid
41
what are eukaryotic cells?
plants and animals
42
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
NO
43
What are plasmids
Plasmids are genetic material (DNA) found in prokaryotic cells
44
Why are plasmids important?
Plasmids are important because they carry extra genes that can help bacteria survive in different environments.
45
what does the cell wall do
provides shape and protection
46
What does the cell membrane do?
a thin layer that controls what goes in and out of the cell
47
what does the flagella do in a prokaryotic cell?
it helps the bacteria to move arounf
48
what are villi
small hair like structures that help the cell stick to surface
49
why are eukaryoticcells larger
eukaryotic cells are larger because they contain more things inside but prokaryotic cells dont
50
how do bacteria poroduce and what is this process called?
bacteria cells produce sexually through a process called binary fission
51
what happens in binary fission?
in binary fission the bacterial cell grows and then splits into 2 identical daughter cells . The circular DNA is copied, and each new cell receives a copy, allowing the population to increase rapidly
52
Diffusion
Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Example: Oxygen moving into your cells. Oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood.
53
Osmosis
Movement of water from low concentration to high concentration through a membrane. Example: Water moving into a plant's roots.
54
Active Transport
Movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration. Example: Plants absorbing minerals from the soil.
55
What does Sperm cell 🏊‍♂️
Swims to fertilise an egg
56
What's adaptation for sperm cell
Tail to swim lots of energy (mitochondria)
57
What does Nerve cell do? ⚡
Sends messages around the body
58
What does Muscle cell 💪 do?
Helps you move
59
Adaptations of Muscle cell 💪
Can stretch and contract contains lots of energy
60
Root hair cell 🌱adaptation
Big surface area to soak up more water
61
what does Root hair cell 🌱do?
Absorbs water from soil
62
Xylem 🚰 adaptation
Hollow tubes, strong walls (lignin)
63
What does Xylem 🚰do?
Carries water in plants
64
Phloem cell🍬adaptation
Tubes with holes to let sugar flow
65
what does Phloem cell🍬do?
Moves sugar in plants
66
What's mitosis needed for? whats the purpose?
Purpose: Growth, repair, asexual reproduction.
67
Process of mitosis
1.DNA replicates. 2.Chromosomes line up. 3.Chromosomes pulled apart. 4.Two identical daughter cells form. Chromosomes: Found in pairs (one from each parent).
68
stem cells definiton
Undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell
69
What are embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are very early cells from a baby that's just starting to grow (like a tiny ball of cells right after fertilization)
70
Why are embryonic stem cells important?
embryonic stem cells important because they can turn into any type of cell in the body, like skin, brain, muscle, etc.
71
Scientists are using stem cells to grow new tissues in the lab. Explain why unspecialised cells are useful for this process.
Unspecialised cells, like stem cells, can divide and develop into many different types of cells (1). This means they can be used to replace damaged or diseased tissue (1). They are useful because they can be grown in the lab under the right conditions (1), they provide treatment for conditions such as diabetes or paralysis (1
71
Compare embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Include one similarity and two differences.
Similarity: Both can divide and produce new cells (1). Difference 1: Embryonic stem cells can become any type of cell, while adult stem cells are more limited (1). Difference 2: Embryonic stem cells come from embryos, while adult stem cells come from specific tissues like bone marrow (1). 🟩 Mark Scheme:
72
Faulty cells meaning
Cells that have been damaged or that don't work properly
73
why do we need stem cells
Repair damaged tissues (like after an injury). Replace faulty cells (like in diseases such as diabetes or Parkinson’s). Help us understand how the body works and how diseases develop. Be used to grow new organs or tissues in the lab.
74
Plant stem cells
Found in the meristems (tips of roots and shoots) Can become any type of plant cell Used to clone plants
75
Differentiation meaning
when a stem cell turns into a specialised cell
76
Therapeutic cloning meaning
making stem cells genetically matched to a patient
77
What is a Meristem
part of a plant where stem cells are found
78
Pluripotent
can become any type of cell
79

biology (34 decks)

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