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CD > CD 21 > Flashcards

CD 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the reason pharamceutical industries not investing on Antimicrobila drugs ?

A

Patents expire relatively soon after market induction

  • Treatment time tends to decrease
  • Higher investements
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2
Q

What are the possible solutions for the pharma industries?

A

Patent extensions,
Academia-industry collaborations
Incentives

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3
Q

What is the name of newly Development antimicrobials and when?

A

Teixobactin in 2015

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4
Q

Teixobactin Can be resistance?

A

This drug is quite unique and has no resistance.

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5
Q

Teixobactin isolated from ?

A

soil organism

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6
Q

Teixobactin works against?

A

peptidoglycan in gram +ve organisms,

active against MRSA

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7
Q

Does Teixobactin synthesize easy or difficult?

A

Teixobactin Difficult to synthesize

and Low oral bioavailability

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8
Q

What is the other type of Alternative Therapies for a bacterial infection?

A

Immunotherapy

Anti-microbial therapies

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9
Q

Teixobactin binds to?

A

Peptidoglycan in gram + ve organisms only and not active against G-
active against MRSA

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10
Q

Wat are the other type of Alternative Therapies for bacterial infection?

A

Immunotherapy

Anti-microbial therapies

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11
Q

What is Immunotherapy?

A

Boost immunity or give them immunity (called passive immunisation) in vulnerable populations.

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12
Q

How immunotherapy work to treat infection?

A

Act on the immune system when bacteria and immunity fight each other than we introduce immunization into the host body.
Or we can act on pathogen directly.

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13
Q

What are prophylactic vaccines?

A

Prevent disease by vaccination in individuals and decrease spread through a community.
2 types Active and passive

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14
Q

What are the Therapeutic vaccines?

A

Patient already sick, still experimental- HIV, Hepatitis.

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15
Q

What are the anti-microbial therapies by using antibodies?

A

Usually been used before the discovery of antimicrobials

Too Expensive then antimicrobials.

Used for diphtheria and tetanus.

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16
Q

What are the limitations of antibodies?

A

Short time effect.
Expensive
Unwanted activities
Anaphylaxis

17
Q

What are Cytokines immune therapy?

A

Cytokines are hormones which are protein messengers of the immune system. So, they produced in one organ to act in another organ. They are designed not to give systemically as they work in the cells just next to it where it introduced in the body. As in our blood has a very low level of cytokines so if we introduce systemically, we might cause severe toxicity. It is between the cell’s high concentration but in blood very low concentration. Its half-lives are also short.

18
Q

What are the limitations of cytokines immune therapy?

A

Toxicity
Lack of specificity
Short half life
Expensive

19
Q

What are the advantages and Disadvantages of cytokines immune therapy?

A

Advantage: Target the host not the pathogen. So, no selective pressure/resistance.
Disadvantages: Overactivation of innate immunity. So, cause inflammation.

20
Q

What are the Anti-microbial therapies work for?

A

Anti-microbial peptides
Bacteriophages
Predatory bacteria

21
Q

What are the Anti-microbial peptides?

A

Anti-microbial peptides can be isolated from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Still under development
Issues with bioavailability & stability.
Active against bac virus fungi and also have effects on the immune system.

22
Q

What is phage Therapy?

A

Viruses of bacteria

23
Q

What are the Advantages of Phage therapy?

A

Very specific
Easy to grow and isolate
Little toxicity
Good biodistribution

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of Phage therapy?

A

Resistance develops

Not widely applicable so not much data available.

25
Q

What are predatory bacteria?

A

Bacteria of a bacteria. The bacteria called BALOs which predate g- bacteria for their energy and nutrients.
Potentially useful for biofilms bacteria by penetrate the film and destroy them i.e. ocular infections, burns.

CD (23 decks)

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