CD 21 Flashcards
What are the reason pharamceutical industries not investing on Antimicrobila drugs ?
Patents expire relatively soon after market induction
- Treatment time tends to decrease
- Higher investements
What are the possible solutions for the pharma industries?
Patent extensions,
Academia-industry collaborations
Incentives
What is the name of newly Development antimicrobials and when?
Teixobactin in 2015
Teixobactin Can be resistance?
This drug is quite unique and has no resistance.
Teixobactin isolated from ?
soil organism
Teixobactin works against?
peptidoglycan in gram +ve organisms,
active against MRSA
Does Teixobactin synthesize easy or difficult?
Teixobactin Difficult to synthesize
and Low oral bioavailability
What is the other type of Alternative Therapies for a bacterial infection?
Immunotherapy
Anti-microbial therapies
Teixobactin binds to?
Peptidoglycan in gram + ve organisms only and not active against G-
active against MRSA
Wat are the other type of Alternative Therapies for bacterial infection?
Immunotherapy
Anti-microbial therapies
What is Immunotherapy?
Boost immunity or give them immunity (called passive immunisation) in vulnerable populations.
How immunotherapy work to treat infection?
Act on the immune system when bacteria and immunity fight each other than we introduce immunization into the host body.
Or we can act on pathogen directly.
What are prophylactic vaccines?
Prevent disease by vaccination in individuals and decrease spread through a community.
2 types Active and passive
What are the Therapeutic vaccines?
Patient already sick, still experimental- HIV, Hepatitis.
What are the anti-microbial therapies by using antibodies?
Usually been used before the discovery of antimicrobials
Too Expensive then antimicrobials.
Used for diphtheria and tetanus.
What are the limitations of antibodies?
Short time effect.
Expensive
Unwanted activities
Anaphylaxis
What are Cytokines immune therapy?
Cytokines are hormones which are protein messengers of the immune system. So, they produced in one organ to act in another organ. They are designed not to give systemically as they work in the cells just next to it where it introduced in the body. As in our blood has a very low level of cytokines so if we introduce systemically, we might cause severe toxicity. It is between the cell’s high concentration but in blood very low concentration. Its half-lives are also short.
What are the limitations of cytokines immune therapy?
Toxicity
Lack of specificity
Short half life
Expensive
What are the advantages and Disadvantages of cytokines immune therapy?
Advantage: Target the host not the pathogen. So, no selective pressure/resistance.
Disadvantages: Overactivation of innate immunity. So, cause inflammation.
What are the Anti-microbial therapies work for?
Anti-microbial peptides
Bacteriophages
Predatory bacteria
What are the Anti-microbial peptides?
Anti-microbial peptides can be isolated from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Still under development
Issues with bioavailability & stability.
Active against bac virus fungi and also have effects on the immune system.
What is phage Therapy?
Viruses of bacteria
What are the Advantages of Phage therapy?
Very specific
Easy to grow and isolate
Little toxicity
Good biodistribution
What are the disadvantages of Phage therapy?
Resistance develops
Not widely applicable so not much data available.
What are predatory bacteria?
Bacteria of a bacteria. The bacteria called BALOs which predate g- bacteria for their energy and nutrients.
Potentially useful for biofilms bacteria by penetrate the film and destroy them i.e. ocular infections, burns.
