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CD > CD-04 > Flashcards

CD-04 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria is a Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Does Bacteria have nucleus?

A

No nucleous

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3
Q

Where does DNA stay in the Bacteria?

A

In cytoplasm of the bacterial cell. Cytoplasms are jelly-like substances which hold DNA of bacteria.

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4
Q

Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are present or absent in bacteria?

A

Absent

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5
Q

Bacteria Cell wall present or absent?

A

Present

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6
Q

Gram Positive bacteria are Capsule or Spore forming

A

Spore

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7
Q

Gram Negative bacteria is Capsule or Spore forming

A

Capsule forming

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8
Q

Are bacteria being multicellular or unicellular?

A

Unicellular (mean single cell)

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9
Q

Bacteria has extra-chromosomal DNA in?

A

In (plasmids)

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10
Q

What usually uses bacteria to produce DNA and Protein?

A

Folic Acid

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11
Q

From where we can get folic acid from?

A

We get folic acid from our diet

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12
Q

Bacteria Make their own DHF. True or False?

A

True. Bacteria make their own dihydrofolate (DHF)

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13
Q

Which drug target to inhibit bacterial DHF?

A

Sulphonamides

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14
Q

What Sulphonamides target in bacteria?

A

Inhibit DHF synthesis

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15
Q

What is DHFR inhibitor?

A

TMP (Trimethoprim)

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16
Q

Do the human cells have cell wall?

A

No

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17
Q

Does bacteria cell have cell wall and cell membrane?

A

Yes, they have cell wall & cell membrane.

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18
Q

What is the major component in Cell wall of a Bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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19
Q

What B lactams antibiotics target in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan, of bacterial Cell wall.

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20
Q

Which bacteria has OM?

A

Gram Negative

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21
Q

What are the functions of Outer Membrane of a bacteria?

A

Barrier

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22
Q

OM of Gram-negative bacteria is Lipid or phospholipid?

A

Lipid, mainly lipopolysaccharide.

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23
Q

Bacterial Outer Membrane (Proteins) act as?

A

Pores or (porins).

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24
Q

In Gram negatives bacteria the Cytoplasmic membrane is associated with?

A

LPS (Polymixins)

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25
Q

In prokaryotic Cytoplasmic membrane does contain Sterol?

A

No sterol

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26
Q

Process of protein synthesis in prokaryotes & eukaryotes are same or different?

A

Same process

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27
Q

Eukaryotes ribosome subunit is- 40S & 60S or 30S & 50S?

A

40S & 60S

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28
Q

Prokaryotes ribosome subunit is 40S & 60S or 30S & 50S?

A

30S & 50S

29
Q

Which drug target bacterial PROTEIN synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines, Macrolides (eg Ery), Oxazolidinone (eg Lnz), Chloramphenicol (Cam)

30
Q

Which drugs target bacterial replication?

A

Quinolones target DNA gyrase

Rifampicin targets RNA polymerase

31
Q

Fungi are prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

32
Q

Who are bigger Bacteria or fungi?

A

Fungi is bigger than bacteria

33
Q

Does fungi have Nucleous, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Yes. They have a nucleus and cellular organelles i.e. mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum.

34
Q

Yeasts are unicellular or multicellular (they are fungi)?

A

Candida Unicellular
(Moulds) Micro fungi Multicellular
(mushrooms) Macro-fungi

35
Q

Which way fungi cell Division occur?

A

Mitotic cell division (means A parent cell produces two daughter cells)

36
Q

Fungi has Cell wall?

A

Yes, they have cell wall

37
Q

Do fungi have extra chromosomal DNA?

A

No extra-chromosomal DNA

38
Q

Fungi cell membrane has?

A

Ergosterol (Ergosterol is the major product of sterol biosynthesis in fungi)

39
Q

Fungi Does not have any cholesterol?

A

No cholesterol

40
Q

Which drugs Inhibit STEROL synthesis in fungi cell membrane?

A

Azoles and allylamines inhibit cell membrane

41
Q

Which drug Influence cell membrane permeability after binding with ergosterol in fungi?

A

(polyene anti-fungal e.g. amphotericin B)

42
Q

Fungi Cell wall is complex network of?

A

Proteins and carbohydrates

43
Q

What provide strength to fungi’s cell wall?

A

Glucan & chitin

44
Q

What is Glucan synthesis inhibitors?

A

Echinocandins (Eechinocandins are a class of antifungal drugs)

45
Q

What is Chitin synthase inhibitors?

A

Nikkomycin and Polyoxins

46
Q

Which Class of drugs work as anti-metabolites in Fungi?

A

Flucytosine

47
Q

Bacteria and Fungi DNA and protein synthesis are similar?

A

Yes, Similar Bacteria and Fungi

48
Q

Each day Inhale bacteria/day?

A

590 000/day

49
Q

Microbial Infections depends on?

A

Host factors

Microbial factor

50
Q

What are the Risk factors for Microbial infection?

A 
Age 
Pregnancy 
Poor Nutrition 
Immunosuppressive drugs 
Surgery 
Stress
51
Q

Release of EXOTOXINS (An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria/virulence factors) mean?

A 
Neurotoxins (destructive to nerve tissue)
Cytotoxins (Killer T-cells and destroy infected cells) 
and Enterotoxins (targets the intestines)
52
Q

Pathogenesis of infection by Pathogenic microbes how they work in vivo?

A

Gain entry & establish
Evade the immune response
Replicate, maybe invade

53
Q

Host mediated pathogenesis

A

Release of toxic cytokines> inflammatory mediators> immune mediated killing>
Finally kill cells

54
Q

Cytokine

A

interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.

55
Q

Microbial Infection & Disease depends on?

A

Microbial Factor and Host factor

56
Q

When we usually use Antimicrobials?

A

When immune response cannot control infection then we use antimicrobials

57
Q

What is Acute?

A

Symptom appear and disease runs its course quickly

58
Q

What is Chronic?

A

Disease progress slowly and persist with long period

59
Q

Primary mean for Infection?

A

First sign of infection in healthy host

60
Q

Systemic mean?

A

Pathogen progressively affects more than one organ by blood.

61
Q

Exotoxins vs Endotoxin

A 
Exo= produce by gram positive bacteria 
Endo= produce by gram negative bacteria
62
Q

What causes Fever?

A

A response to LPS Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) also known as an ‘exogenous pyrogen’
Stimulates immune system to release soluble mediators (pyrogenic mediators & pyrogens)
Causes fever

(For understanding )The mechanism of fever appears to be a defensive reaction by the body against infectious disease. When bacteria or viruses invade the body and cause tissue injury, one of the immune system’s responses is to produce pyrogens

63
Q

If fever persist what temperature may change?

A

An increase in temp of 1- 4o C

64
Q

A young child has how many fevers in a year?

A

3 to 6

65
Q

Bacteria reproduce by ?

A

Bianary fussion and grow logarithmic rate.

66
Q

Sulfonamides inhibit

A

DHF

67
Q

TMP is

A

DHFR inhibitor which has higher affinity for bacterial enzyme.

68
Q

What is the mechanism of fever?

A

exogenous Pyrogen gets entry to create a response to LPS (endotoxins) which stimulats the immune system to release soluble mediators (endogenous pyrogens ) as a result immunity can not compete and cause fever.

CD (23 decks)

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