CD-04 Flashcards
Bacteria is a Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
Does Bacteria have nucleus?
No nucleous
Where does DNA stay in the Bacteria?
In cytoplasm of the bacterial cell. Cytoplasms are jelly-like substances which hold DNA of bacteria.
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are present or absent in bacteria?
Absent
Bacteria Cell wall present or absent?
Present
Gram Positive bacteria are Capsule or Spore forming
Spore
Gram Negative bacteria is Capsule or Spore forming
Capsule forming
Are bacteria being multicellular or unicellular?
Unicellular (mean single cell)
Bacteria has extra-chromosomal DNA in?
In (plasmids)
What usually uses bacteria to produce DNA and Protein?
Folic Acid
From where we can get folic acid from?
We get folic acid from our diet
Bacteria Make their own DHF. True or False?
True. Bacteria make their own dihydrofolate (DHF)
Which drug target to inhibit bacterial DHF?
Sulphonamides
What Sulphonamides target in bacteria?
Inhibit DHF synthesis
What is DHFR inhibitor?
TMP (Trimethoprim)
Do the human cells have cell wall?
No
Does bacteria cell have cell wall and cell membrane?
Yes, they have cell wall & cell membrane.
What is the major component in Cell wall of a Bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
What B lactams antibiotics target in bacteria?
Peptidoglycan, of bacterial Cell wall.
Which bacteria has OM?
Gram Negative
What are the functions of Outer Membrane of a bacteria?
Barrier
OM of Gram-negative bacteria is Lipid or phospholipid?
Lipid, mainly lipopolysaccharide.
Bacterial Outer Membrane (Proteins) act as?
Pores or (porins).
In Gram negatives bacteria the Cytoplasmic membrane is associated with?
LPS (Polymixins)
In prokaryotic Cytoplasmic membrane does contain Sterol?
No sterol
Process of protein synthesis in prokaryotes & eukaryotes are same or different?
Same process
Eukaryotes ribosome subunit is- 40S & 60S or 30S & 50S?
40S & 60S
Prokaryotes ribosome subunit is 40S & 60S or 30S & 50S?
30S & 50S
Which drug target bacterial PROTEIN synthesis?
Tetracyclines, Macrolides (eg Ery), Oxazolidinone (eg Lnz), Chloramphenicol (Cam)
Which drugs target bacterial replication?
Quinolones target DNA gyrase
Rifampicin targets RNA polymerase
Fungi are prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes
Who are bigger Bacteria or fungi?
Fungi is bigger than bacteria
Does fungi have Nucleous, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum.
Yes. They have a nucleus and cellular organelles i.e. mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum.
Yeasts are unicellular or multicellular (they are fungi)?
Candida Unicellular
(Moulds) Micro fungi Multicellular
(mushrooms) Macro-fungi
Which way fungi cell Division occur?
Mitotic cell division (means A parent cell produces two daughter cells)
Fungi has Cell wall?
Yes, they have cell wall
Do fungi have extra chromosomal DNA?
No extra-chromosomal DNA
Fungi cell membrane has?
Ergosterol (Ergosterol is the major product of sterol biosynthesis in fungi)
Fungi Does not have any cholesterol?
No cholesterol
Which drugs Inhibit STEROL synthesis in fungi cell membrane?
Azoles and allylamines inhibit cell membrane
Which drug Influence cell membrane permeability after binding with ergosterol in fungi?
(polyene anti-fungal e.g. amphotericin B)
Fungi Cell wall is complex network of?
Proteins and carbohydrates
What provide strength to fungi’s cell wall?
Glucan & chitin
What is Glucan synthesis inhibitors?
Echinocandins (Eechinocandins are a class of antifungal drugs)
What is Chitin synthase inhibitors?
Nikkomycin and Polyoxins
Which Class of drugs work as anti-metabolites in Fungi?
Flucytosine
Bacteria and Fungi DNA and protein synthesis are similar?
Yes, Similar Bacteria and Fungi
Each day Inhale bacteria/day?
590 000/day
Microbial Infections depends on?
Host factors
Microbial factor
What are the Risk factors for Microbial infection?
Age Pregnancy Poor Nutrition Immunosuppressive drugs Surgery Stress
Release of EXOTOXINS (An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria/virulence factors) mean?
Neurotoxins (destructive to nerve tissue) Cytotoxins (Killer T-cells and destroy infected cells) and Enterotoxins (targets the intestines)
Pathogenesis of infection by Pathogenic microbes how they work in vivo?
Gain entry & establish
Evade the immune response
Replicate, maybe invade
Host mediated pathogenesis
Release of toxic cytokines> inflammatory mediators> immune mediated killing>
Finally kill cells
Cytokine
interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.
Microbial Infection & Disease depends on?
Microbial Factor and Host factor
When we usually use Antimicrobials?
When immune response cannot control infection then we use antimicrobials
What is Acute?
Symptom appear and disease runs its course quickly
What is Chronic?
Disease progress slowly and persist with long period
Primary mean for Infection?
First sign of infection in healthy host
Systemic mean?
Pathogen progressively affects more than one organ by blood.
Exotoxins vs Endotoxin
Exo= produce by gram positive bacteria Endo= produce by gram negative bacteria
What causes Fever?
A response to LPS Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) also known as an ‘exogenous pyrogen’
Stimulates immune system to release soluble mediators (pyrogenic mediators & pyrogens)
Causes fever
(For understanding )The mechanism of fever appears to be a defensive reaction by the body against infectious disease. When bacteria or viruses invade the body and cause tissue injury, one of the immune system’s responses is to produce pyrogens
If fever persist what temperature may change?
An increase in temp of 1- 4o C
A young child has how many fevers in a year?
3 to 6
Bacteria reproduce by ?
Bianary fussion and grow logarithmic rate.
Sulfonamides inhibit
DHF
TMP is
DHFR inhibitor which has higher affinity for bacterial enzyme.
What is the mechanism of fever?
exogenous Pyrogen gets entry to create a response to LPS (endotoxins) which stimulats the immune system to release soluble mediators (endogenous pyrogens ) as a result immunity can not compete and cause fever.
