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CD 07 Flashcards

1
Q

How are antibiotic drugs classified?

A
  1. By their effect on bacteria
  2. By their spectrum of activity
  3. Mechanism of action
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2
Q

What does Bacteriostatic mean?

A

Inhibit bacterial growth and replication

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3
Q

Bactericidal mean ?

A

Kill bacteria

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4
Q

What is Narrow spectrum: ?

A

Limited to specific microbe families

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5
Q

What is Broad spectrum?

A

Extensive, affects Gram +/Gram -

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6
Q

According to the mechanism of action Antibiotics are classified in 3 broad classes. However in class 1 reaction what energy source Bacteria use

A

Host and organism similar

Bacteria can use alternative energy sources

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7
Q

in Class II drugs antibiotics works on

A

Synthesis of essential growth factors

E.g. folate synthesis

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8
Q

In Class III drugs antibiotics works on

A

Assembly of macromolecules
DNA, RNA, proteins
Peptidoglycans

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9
Q

What are the unwanted effects of antibiotics?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal toxicity

2. Nephrotoxicity

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10
Q

What are the unwanted effects of antibiotics?

A

Idiosyncratic reactions
Skin rashes, eruptions, itching
Liver toxicity
Blood cells (hematological toxicity e.g. anemia)

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11
Q

In bacteria How Folate synthesis work?

A

PABA converted to (Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a chemical found in the folic acid) =>DHF=>THF=>Purine and Methionine and Thymidylate

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12
Q

Does (Sulfonamides) Sulfadiazine is static or cidal?

A

• BacterioSTATIC(Gram+/-)

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13
Q

Pharmacokinetics of sulfadiazine

A

Mostly absorbed orally
Metabolised in liver
Excreted by kidney (t1/2 =12h)

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14
Q

What are the Unwanted effect of sulfadiazine?

A

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Hypersensitivity reactions

Hepatitis

Bone marrow suppression

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15
Q

Clinical Use of sulfadiazine

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (sulphasalazine)

For infected burns
topical: silver sulfadiazine

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16
Q

Trimethoprim is a bacterio static or bacterio cidal ?

A

Bacterio static for both G+ or G- bacteria

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17
Q

Trimethoprim inhibit ?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

Synergistically prevent folate synthesis

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18
Q

PK of Trimethoprim

A

Given orally
Fully absorbed from GI tract
High conc. in lung, kidney,
Eliminated by the kidney (t1/2 =24)

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19
Q

Unwanted effects of TMP ?

A 
Folate deficiency=>
megaloblastic anaemia (long term use)
Nausea, 
vomiting 
Blood disorders 
Rashes
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20
Q

Clinical Use of TMP?

A

Urinary tract infections(UTI)

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21
Q

Bacterial DNA replication Occurs by what?

A

Binary fission

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22
Q

Bacterial DNA replication occurs by

A

bianary fission

23
Q

Work of Topoisomerase of DNA in Bacteria replication is?

A
  • Break rotate and reseal
  • It removes extra DNA supercoils
  • Separates intertwined DNA
24
Q

How many Types of Topoisomerase is?

A

2 Types

  • DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase ll )
  • Topoisomerase IV
25
Q

What are the Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones) class of drug?

A

Ciprofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
anything with oxacin are quinolones groups

26
Q

What Quinolones inhibits?

A 
DNA gyrase in (G-) bacteria
Inhibits topoisomerase (IV) in Gram positive bacteria
27
Q

Quinolones are static or cidal and narrow spectrum or broad spectrum?

A 
are Bacteriacidal (Kill)
and Broad spectrum
28
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Quinolones /Fluoroquinolones are

A

Absorb orally
Accumulate perdominantly in kidney Prostate and lung
Excrete by urine

29
Q

Quinolones or Fluoroquinolones can not cross BBB ?

A

Except ofloxacin

30
Q

Quinolones or fluoroquinolones are Metabolised by which enzyme

A

CYP 450

31
Q

As quinolones are predominantly exceriated by kidney so what needs to monitor and have to do?

A

so Dose adjustment is required for renal failure patients

32
Q

Unwanted effect of Quinolones or fluoroquinoles are

A

skin rash and GI problem

Headache and dizziness

33
Q

Quinolones/ fluoroquinoles Clinical Use

A 
Travellers diarrhoea (moderate/severe)
Gonorrhoea
Prostatitis, bone and joint infections (if no alternative)
34
Q

Important drug drug interection of quinolones is

A

Al and Mg containing ANTACIDS inhibit abosorbpoton from the gut.

35
Q

Ciprofloxacin is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2 as a result

A
  • Caffeine (limited clinical importance)

* Theophylline (historically most important)

36
Q

Clozapine, & olanzapine (antipsychotics) metabolized by which enzyme?

A

by CYP 1A2

37
Q

Who are the tetracycline group of drugs ?

A

Doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline

38
Q

Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic or cidal?

A

static

39
Q

Tetracycline inhibit

A

30s by binding of aa-tRNA

40
Q

What are the unwanted effect of tetracycline

A

tetracycline deposition in bone and teeth
Sunburn so avoid sun light
hepatotoxicity
avoid in pregnency

41
Q

Clinical use of tetracycline is

A

Acne

Respiratory infections

42
Q

Aminoglycosides class of drugs are

A

gentamycin, tobramycin

43
Q

How aminoglycosides are work against bacteria?

A

Inhibit 30s miscoding mRNA

44
Q

Aminoglycocydes are bactrio?

A

Cidal

45
Q

What is the pharmcokinetics of Aminoglycosides?

A

IV or IM given

eleminate via kidney

46
Q

What are the unwanted effect of Aminoglycosides

A

Allergy
Nephrotoxicity
Renal impairment

47
Q

What are the clinical use of aminoglycosides for?

A

Pneumonia

Meningitis

48
Q

What are the Macrolides group of drugs?

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Roxithromycin

49
Q

How macrolides work against bacteria?

A

Inhibit 50s ribosomal subunit

Dissociation of tRNA

50
Q

Does macrolides are static or cidal

A

Static

51
Q

What is the pharmacokinetics of Macrolides?

A

Orally given metabolised in liver and excreted by kidney.

they are CYP 1A2 and 3A4 inhibitor

52
Q

Drug drug interaction of Macrolides are also CYP 1A2 and 3A4 inhibitor

A

Benzodiazepines
Simvastatin
Warferin

53
Q

What are the unwanted effect of Macrolides?

A

GI toxicity

Cardiac toxicity

54
Q

What are the clinical usage of Macrolides

A

Respiratory infection

Skin infection

CD (23 decks)

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