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AHI > Care of Patients with Anemia > Flashcards

Care of Patients with Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

Reduction in either the number of RBCs, the amount of hemoglobin, or hematocrit
Is a clinical indicator, not a specific disease process because it occurs with many health problems
Can result from
Most common reason for anemia in adults
Types or causes of anemias

A

Anemia

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2
Q

Dietary problems
Genetic disorders
Bone marrow disease/decreased func
Excessive bleeding

A

Can result from

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3
Q

GI bleeding

A

Most common reason for anemia in adults

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4
Q

Deficiency in one of the components needed to make a fully functional RBC
Decrease in RBC production
Increased in RBC destruction
RBC loss

A

Types or causes of anemias

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5
Q

Ex. Iron deficiency (most common); Folic acid deficiency; vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Deficiency in one of the components needed to make a fully functional RBC

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6
Q

Ex. aplastic anemia - exposed to toxin/med that affects func of bone marrow

A

Decrease in RBC production

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7
Q

Ex. hemolytic anemia - autoimmune process

A

Increased in RBC destruction

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8
Q

Ex. GI bleed; trauma; blood lost in trauma

A

RBC loss

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9
Q

Integumentary
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Neurologic

A

Key features

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10
Q

Pallor
Cool to the touch
Intolerance of cold temperatures
Nails become brittle and become concave over time

A

Integumentary

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11
Q

Tachycardia - severe enough; heart trying to compensate
Murmurs and gallops when anemia is severe
Orthostatic hypotension - severe enough

A

Cardiovascular

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12
Q

Dyspnea on exertion - severe enough dyspnea
Decreased oxygen saturation levels

A

Respiratory

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13
Q

Sig Fatigue and somnolence
Headache

A

Neurologic

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14
Q

Most common anemia worldwide
Causes:
When iron deficient the stores will decrease first
A microcytic anemia (RBC will be small)
Labs:
Clinical Manifestations:

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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15
Q

More among women (menstruating), older adults, and people with poor diets

A

Most common anemia worldwide - Iron deficiency anemia

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16
Q

Blood loss
Poor GI absorption of iron
Inadequate iron in diet

A

Causes: - Iron deficiency anemia

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17
Q

Hbg/Hct & RBC decreased
Ferritin decreased < 10ng/mL (12-300 normal) (decreased iron stores)
MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) and MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) decreased

A

Labs: - Iron deficiency anemia

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18
Q

Weakness and pallor
Fatigue
Reduced exercise tolerance
Fissures at the corners of the mouth
*with chronic anemia signs and symptoms may be more mild than acute situation

A

Clinical Manifestations: - Iron deficiency anemia

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19
Q

Increase oral intake of iron from food sources
Oral iron supplements (Ferrous Sulfate)
With severe deficiency give IV infusion (lot monitoring with first dose) or IM iron solutions - very irritating and do Z track method

A

Iron deficiency anemia interventions

20
Q

10-15 grams of iron a day
High in iron: red meat, organ meat, egg yolks, kidney beans, leafy green vegetables, raisins, dark chocolate, soy beans
5-10% of dietary iron is absorbed - eat lot iron to supplement; may need supplements

A

Increase oral intake of iron from food sources - Iron deficiency anemia interventions

21
Q

Take between meals for better absorption and reduce GI distress
Take with vitamin C for better absorption
Expect 2 gm/dL increase in 4 weeks - not immediate improvements

A

Oral iron supplements (Ferrous Sulfate) - Iron deficiency anemia interventions

22
Q

Ex. Iron dextran (Dexferrum) or ferumoxytol (Feraheme)

A

With severe deficiency give IV infusion (lot monitoring with first dose) or IM iron solutions - very irritating and do Z track method - Iron deficiency anemia interventions

23
Q

Vitamin B12 plays a key role in the formation of RBCs as well as normal functioning of the nervous system - helps move folic acid
Causes:
May be mild or severe, usually develops slowly
Macrocytic anemia (large RBC) - not proper process - see in CBC
Clinical manifestations - mild to severe

A

Vitamin B12 Deficiency anemia

24
Q

Vegan diets or diets lacking dairy products
GI disorders: small bowel resection, chronic diarrhea, diverticuli, tapeworm, overgrowth of intestinal bacteria
Anemia resulting from failure to absorb vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia) secondary to chronic gastritis

A

Causes: - Vitamin B12 Deficiency anemia

25
Q

Intrinsic factor is a substance normally secreted by the gastric mucosa and is not secreted, which is needed for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12

A

Anemia resulting from failure to absorb vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia) secondary to chronic gastritis

26
Q

Decreased Hbg/Hct and RBC
Increased MCV, MCH and MCHC

A

Macrocytic anemia (large RBC) - not proper process - see in CBC - Vitamin B12 Deficiency anemia

27
Q

Pallor
Jaundice
Glossitis (a smooth, beefy-red tongue)
Fatigue
Weight loss
Paresthesias in the feet and hands
Poor balance - NS impact

A

Clinical manifestations - mild to severe - Vitamin B12 Deficiency anemia

28
Q

Increase dietary intake of foods rich in vitamin B12
Vitamin supplements if anemia is severe with B12 - common
For pernicious anemia

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia interventions

29
Q

If it is related to an inadequate intake
Ex. animal proteins, fish, eggs, nuts, dairy products, dried beans, citrus fruit, and leafy green vegetables

A

Increase dietary intake of foods rich in vitamin B12 - Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia interventions

30
Q

administer B12 injections weekly initially, and then monthly for the rest of their lives
B12 nasal sprays or sublingual forms of may be used to maintain vitamin levels after the patient’s deficiency has first been corrected - after stablized via injections

A

For pernicious anemia - Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia interventions

31
Q

Folic acid plays a key role in RBC development because importance in DNA synthesis
Common causes:
Clinical manifestations:
Develops slowly
Treatment:

A

Folic acid deficiency anemia

32
Q

Poor nutrition: Chronic alcohol abuse
Malabsorption
Drugs (anticonvulsants, oral contraceptives)

A

Common causes: - Folic acid deficiency anemia

33
Q

similar to those of Vitamin B12 deficiency, but nervous system functions remain normal because folic acid deficiency does not affect nerve function
Glossitis (a smooth, beefy-red tongue)

A

Clinical manifestations: - Folic acid deficiency anemia

34
Q

Diet rich in foods containing folic acid and vitamin B12: leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, beans, breads, cereal, rice, pasta
Folic acid replacement/supplements - esp for alcholic and malnourished pats

A

Treatment: - Folic acid deficiency anemia

35
Q

Deficiency of circulating red blood cells because of failure of the bone marrow to produce these cells
Pancytopenia
Causes:
SERIOUS and hospitalized
Patient will have manifestations of severe anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

A

Aplastic anemia

36
Q

Injury to the stem cells in the bone marrow

A

Deficiency of circulating red blood cells because of failure of the bone marrow to produce these cells - Aplastic anemia

37
Q

Deficiency of RBCs (anemia), WBCs (leukopenia) and platelets (thrombocytopenia)

A

Pancytopenia - Aplastic anemia

38
Q

Long-term exposure to toxic agents
Drugs
Ionizing radiation
Viral infection
Unknown

A

Causes: - Aplastic anemia

39
Q

Treatment
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with donor cells
Immunosuppressive therapy medications - if cannot do donor cells
Splenectomy

A

Aplastic anemia interventions

40
Q

Assess for bone marrow failure
Close monitoring of CBC
Infection prevention
Bleeding precautions
Blood transfusions

A

Treatment - Aplastic anemia interventions

41
Q

Weakness, pallor, petechiae, ecchymosis
Poor oxygenation

A

Assess for bone marrow failure

42
Q

When the anemia causes disability or when bleeding is life threatening because of low platelet counts

A

Blood transfusions

43
Q

Best treatment

A

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with donor cells - Aplastic anemia interventions

44
Q

If spleen is enlarged either destroying normal RBCs or suppressing their development

A

Splenectomy - Aplastic anemia interventions

45
Q

Results from an autoimmune process that causes excessive destruction of RBCs
Causes:
Interventions:

A

Hemolytic anemia

46
Q

Autoimmune
Trauma
Viral infection
Exposure to a chemical agent or drug

A

Causes: - Hemolytic anemia

47
Q

Immunosuppressive therapy - autoimmune
Plasma exchanges - clean plasma
Splenectomy - excessive destruction of RBC

A

Interventions: - Hemolytic anemia

AHI (77 decks)

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