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Cardiology > cardiovascular pathology > Flashcards

cardiovascular pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the classifications of cardiomyopathy?

A
  • dilated
  • hypertrophic
  • restrictive
  • arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
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2
Q

what is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • heart 2/3 times normal size

- heart is flabby and floppy

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3
Q

what can cause dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • genetics
  • toxins
  • alcohol
  • doxorubicin
  • cardiac infection
  • pregnancy
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4
Q

what are the symptoms of dilated cardiomayopathy?

A
  • SOB

- poor exercise tolerance

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5
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • big solid hearts
  • diastolic dysfunction - not systolic as contraction is fine
  • heart cant relax
  • outflow obstruction
  • sudden death for athletes
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6
Q

what are the causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • genetic
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7
Q

what does the heart look like in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • bulging interventricular septum
  • outflow tract obstruction
  • LV luminal reduction
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8
Q

what is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A
  • causes lack of complaicnace
  • stiff heart
  • doesnt fill well so diastlic dysfunction
  • can loook normal
  • biatrial dillation as a result of back pressure
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9
Q

what causes restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A
  • deposition of somethig in the myocaardium
  • metabolic byproducts
  • amyloid
  • sarcoid
  • tumours
  • fibrosis following radiation
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10
Q

what is amyloid?

A
  • abnormal deposition of an abnormal protein
  • lots of possible abnormal proteins so lots of diff types
  • tendency to form beta pleated sheets
  • body cant get rid of them
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11
Q

what are the classifications of amyloid?

A
  • AA = related to chronic diseases like rheumatoid

- AL = light chains, abnormal immunoglobulin

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12
Q

what is arrhythemogenic right ventricular dysplasia?

A
  • genetic disease - autosomal dominant with low penetrance
  • syncope and funny turns
  • arrythmia
  • occ sudden death
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13
Q

what happens to the heart is ARVD?

A
  • right ventricle becomes largely replaced by fat

- big and floppy

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14
Q

what is myocarditis?

A
  • inflammation of the heart
  • infections v’s non infectious
  • viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, helminthic
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15
Q

what is infectious myocarditis?

A
  • thickened beefy myocardium
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16
Q

what can cause non infectious myocarditis?

A
  • rheumatic fever after strep sore throat
17
Q

what is rheumatic fever?

A
  • classic mitral stenosis with thickening and fusion of valve leaflets
  • short thick chordae tendinae
  • myocardium also patchily inflammaed
18
Q

what is pericarditis?

A
  • inflammation of pericardial layers

- causes include infection, rheumatic fever, idiopathic

19
Q

what are the complications of periacrditis?

A
  • pericaridal effusion
  • tamponade
  • constrictive pericarditis
  • cardiac failure
  • death
20
Q

what is endocarditis?

A
  • affect heart lining but generally refers to inflammation of the valves
  • ## infectious or non
21
Q

what is infectious endocarditis?

A
  • can occur on normal valves
  • usually requires very virulent organism
  • may be bacterial of fungal
  • IV drug abuse and septicaemia
22
Q

what is the microbiology of endocarditis?

A
  • HACEK - haemophilus, actinobacilllus cardiobacteria, eikenella, kingella
  • iv drug users = candida, staph aureus
  • prosthetic valves = s epidermis
23
Q

what is the pathology of infectious endocarditis?

A
  • aggregates of organisms on heart valves called vegetations
  • bacteria excite acute inflammtion and bacterial and inalmmatory cell products digest the valve leaflets
  • vegetations are alsp friable and can cause emboli
24
Q

what are some cardiac complications?

A
  • acute valvular incompetence
  • high output cardiac failure
  • abcess, fistula, pericarditis
25
Q

what is non infectious endocarditis?

A
  • rheumatic fever
26
Q

what is non bacterial thombotic endocarditis?

A
  • non invasive and dont destroy valves
  • small and multiple vegetations
  • can cause embolic disease
27
Q

what is carcinoid heart disease?

A
  • they are neoplasms of neuroendocrine cells
  • can see them in any mucosa
  • neuroendocrine component releases hormones
  • cardinoud syndrome occurs when tumour has spread to the liver
28
Q

what is the most common tumour in the heart?

A
  • atrial myxoma

Cardiology (40 decks)

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