Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common congenital heart diseases?

A
VSD
Patent ductus areriosus
ASD
Pulmonary stenosis
Aortic stenosis
Coarctaion of the aorta
Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
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2
Q

What ar the causes of congenital heart disease?

A

Genetic susceptibility
Environmental hazard
Teratogenic insult

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3
Q

What environmental hazards can cause congenital heart disease?

A

Drugs
Infections
Maternal disease

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4
Q

What infections can cause congenital heart disease?

A

Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
CMV
Herpes

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5
Q

At what stage to teratogenic insults cause congenital heart disease?

A

18-60 days post conception

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6
Q

What % of murmurs are innocent?

A

70-80%

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7
Q

What are the types of innocent murmur?

A

Still’s
Pulmonary outflow
Carotid bruits
Venous hum

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8
Q

What are the common features of innocent murmurs?

A
Systolic murmur
Soft murmur
Vibratory, musical, localised
Varies with position, respiration and exercise
No other signs of cardiac disease
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9
Q

What is the presentation of Still’s murmur?

A

Age 2-7
Soft systolic, vibratory, twangy murmur
At apex and left sternal border
Increase in supine position and with exercise

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10
Q

What is the presentation of a pulmonary outflow murmu?

A
Age 8-10
Soft systolic, vibratory, well localised
Upper left sternal border, no radiation
Increase in supine position and with exercise
Often in children with narrow chest
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11
Q

What is the presentation of innocent carotid bruits?

A
Age 2-10
Systolic, harsh, radiated to neck
Supraclavicular
Increases with exercise
Decreases on turning head or extending neck
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12
Q

What ar the 3 main types of VSD?

A

Subaortic
Perimembranous
Muscular

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13
Q

What i the clinical presentation of VSD?

A

Pansystolic murmur- lower left sternal edge
Sometimes thrill
Small= early systolic murmur
Large= Diastolic rumble, signs of cardiac failure- biventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension

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14
Q

What is the treatment of VSD?

A

Closure- Abplatzen device

Patch closure

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15
Q

What are the clinical features of ASD?

A
Few in early childhood- good chance of spontaneous closure
Adult- AF, heart failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Wide fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound
Pulmonary flow murmur
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16
Q

What is the treatment od ASD?

17
Q

What isa atrio-ventricular septal defect?

A

Singular AV valve with osmium premium ASD and high VSD

18
Q

What is atrio-ventricular septal defects associated with?

A

Trisomy 21

19
Q

What are the clinical features of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Asymptomatic in mild
Moderate and severe- severe exertion dyspnoea, fatigue
Ejection systemic murmur at upper left sternal border with radiation to back

20
Q

What is the treatment of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Balloon valvoplasty

21
Q

What are the features of aortic stenosis?

A

Mostly asymptomatic
Severe- reduced exercise tolerance, exertion chest pain, syncope
Ejection systolic murmur upper right sternal border, radiation o carotids

22
Q

What can cause atrial stenosis?

A

Tricuspid aortic valve

23
Q

What is the treatment of aortic stenosis?

A

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty

24
Q

Who is patent ductus arteriosus common in?

A

Pre term babies

25
What is the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus?
Fluid restriction/diuretics Prostaglandin inhibitors Surgical ligation
26
What is the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in term babies?
Closure with umbrella device
27
What investigations are done for coarctation of aorta?
Echo | MRI
28
What is the management of coarctation of the aorta?
Reopen PDA with prostaglandin E1 or E2 Resection with end to end anastomoses Subclavian patch repair Balloon aortoplasty
29
What is transposition of th great vessels?
Aorta connected to RV, pulmonary artery connected to LV
30
What is the treatment of transposition of the great vessels?
Switch procedure
31
What are the 4 malformations in tetralogy of Fallot?
Overriding aorta Pulmonary stenosis VSD Right ventricular hypertrophy