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Paeds AM > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common congenital heart diseases?

A 
VSD
Patent ductus areriosus
ASD
Pulmonary stenosis
Aortic stenosis
Coarctaion of the aorta
Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
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2
Q

What ar the causes of congenital heart disease?

A

Genetic susceptibility
Environmental hazard
Teratogenic insult

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3
Q

What environmental hazards can cause congenital heart disease?

A

Drugs
Infections
Maternal disease

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4
Q

What infections can cause congenital heart disease?

A

Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
CMV
Herpes

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5
Q

At what stage to teratogenic insults cause congenital heart disease?

A

18-60 days post conception

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6
Q

What % of murmurs are innocent?

A

70-80%

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7
Q

What are the types of innocent murmur?

A

Still’s
Pulmonary outflow
Carotid bruits
Venous hum

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8
Q

What are the common features of innocent murmurs?

A 
Systolic murmur
Soft murmur
Vibratory, musical, localised
Varies with position, respiration and exercise
No other signs of cardiac disease
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9
Q

What is the presentation of Still’s murmur?

A

Age 2-7
Soft systolic, vibratory, twangy murmur
At apex and left sternal border
Increase in supine position and with exercise

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10
Q

What is the presentation of a pulmonary outflow murmu?

A 
Age 8-10
Soft systolic, vibratory, well localised
Upper left sternal border, no radiation
Increase in supine position and with exercise
Often in children with narrow chest
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11
Q

What is the presentation of innocent carotid bruits?

A 
Age 2-10
Systolic, harsh, radiated to neck
Supraclavicular
Increases with exercise
Decreases on turning head or extending neck
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12
Q

What ar the 3 main types of VSD?

A

Subaortic
Perimembranous
Muscular

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13
Q

What i the clinical presentation of VSD?

A

Pansystolic murmur- lower left sternal edge
Sometimes thrill
Small= early systolic murmur
Large= Diastolic rumble, signs of cardiac failure- biventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension

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14
Q

What is the treatment of VSD?

A

Closure- Abplatzen device

Patch closure

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15
Q

What are the clinical features of ASD?

A 
Few in early childhood- good chance of spontaneous closure
Adult- AF, heart failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Wide fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound
Pulmonary flow murmur
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16
Q

What is the treatment od ASD?

A

Closure

17
Q

What isa atrio-ventricular septal defect?

A

Singular AV valve with osmium premium ASD and high VSD

18
Q

What is atrio-ventricular septal defects associated with?

A

Trisomy 21

19
Q

What are the clinical features of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Asymptomatic in mild
Moderate and severe- severe exertion dyspnoea, fatigue
Ejection systemic murmur at upper left sternal border with radiation to back

20
Q

What is the treatment of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Balloon valvoplasty

21
Q

What are the features of aortic stenosis?

A

Mostly asymptomatic
Severe- reduced exercise tolerance, exertion chest pain, syncope
Ejection systolic murmur upper right sternal border, radiation o carotids

22
Q

What can cause atrial stenosis?

A

Tricuspid aortic valve

23
Q

What is the treatment of aortic stenosis?

A

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty

24
Q

Who is patent ductus arteriosus common in?

A

Pre term babies

25
Q

What is the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Fluid restriction/diuretics
Prostaglandin inhibitors
Surgical ligation

26
Q

What is the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in term babies?

A

Closure with umbrella device

27
Q

What investigations are done for coarctation of aorta?

A

Echo

MRI

28
Q

What is the management of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Reopen PDA with prostaglandin E1 or E2
Resection with end to end anastomoses
Subclavian patch repair
Balloon aortoplasty

29
Q

What is transposition of th great vessels?

A

Aorta connected to RV, pulmonary artery connected to LV

30
Q

What is the treatment of transposition of the great vessels?

A

Switch procedure

31
Q

What are the 4 malformations in tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
VSD
Right ventricular hypertrophy

Paeds AM (19 decks)

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