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BOARDS > CARDIO ANA/PHY/ECG > Flashcards

CARDIO ANA/PHY/ECG Flashcards

1
Q

The period wherein the atria contracts and forces more blood into the ventricles

A

Active ventricular filling

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1
Q

Which node generates an action potential that stimulates atrial contraction and begins the cardiac cycle?

A

Sinus node

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2
Q

What is stimulated when an action potential passes down the AV node, down the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers?

A

Ventricular systole

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3
Q

What valve/s close/s when the ventricular pressures increase and blood flows toward the atria?

A

Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid, mitral)

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4
Q

What heart sound is produced during the turbulent blood into the ventricles?

A

S3

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5
Q

Depolarization is caused by the movement of what chemical compounds?

A

Na+ (sodium)

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6
Q

What causes the ventricles to contract and prevent the valves from opening? What connective tissue attached to the valve cusps do they pull on?

A

Papillary muscle
Chordae tendinae

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7
Q

They are identified by the great artery in which they’re located

A

Semilunar valves (Pulmonic, aortic)

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8
Q

Process of depolarization (which gates open and close)

A

Na+ channels open, K+ channels close

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9
Q

Increased venous return results in \
I. Increases EDV
II. Increases preload
III. Decreases EDV
IV. Decreases preload

A

I & II

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10
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

SV x HR

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11
Q

What is the degree of tension on the muscle when it begins to contract?

A

Preload

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12
Q

What is the load against which the muscle exerts its contractile force?

A

Afterload

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13
Q

What direction is the apex pointed in? (3)

A

Anterior, inferior, to the left

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14
Q

Point wherein the contraction of the apex is most pronounced?

A

Point of maximum impulse (PMI)

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15
Q

What do you call the lubricant between the layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Pericardial fluid

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16
Q

When there’s too much pericardial fluid, what happens? Too little?

A

Decreased - + pericardial friction rub = pericarditis

Increased - cardiac tamponade = cardiac arrest

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17
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium? Differentiate

A

Visceral pericardium - epicardium
- adheres to the heart

Parietal - outermost layer

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18
Q

Primary function of the AV valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

19
Q

What fills the ventricles with blood from atria during diastole?

A

AV valves (tricuspid, mitral)

20
Q

Volume of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction

A

Stroke volume

21
Q

Volume of blood ejected per minute

A

Cardiac output

22
Q

phases during ECG (3)

A

P wave - atrial depo
QRS complex - ventricular depo
T wave - ventricular repo

23
Q

Initiation of ventricular repolarization?

A

ST segment

24
Q

Valve from RA to RV

A

tricuspid

25
Q

Valve that carries oxygenated blood from LA to LV

A

mitral

26
Q

If SV increases, what happened to preload and after load?

A

SV increases when
- Preload increases
- afterload decreases

27
Q

AKA visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

28
Q

Describe S1 (3)

A

longer, loud, low in pitch

29
Q

Describe S2 (3)

A

shorter, lower in volume, higher in pitch

30
Q

heart sound during passive ventricular filling when blood flows turbulently into the ventricles

A

S3

31
Q

The extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched?

A

Preload

32
Q

What happens during Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle? What is it called?

A

Plateau
- Calcium channels stay open
- potassium channels close

33
Q

Bundle of His give rise to which part of the conducting system?

A

Purkinje fibers

34
Q

What forms the apex of the heart

A

LV

35
Q

What opening is present in the fetal heart? It eventually develops into a flat depression which is called?

A

Foramen Ovale -> Fossa Ovalis

36
Q

Break down the descending aorta

A

Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal Aorta
Common iliac artery
1. internal CIA - hypogastric (pelvis, buttocks, genitals)
2. external CIA
- femoral
- popliteal
- tibial

37
Q

Break down the ascending aorta

A

Ascending aorta
Arch of aorta
Brachiocephalic
1. Common carotid artery
- int. CCA -> ACA, MCA
- ext. CCA -> superficial structures, ends at TMJ
2. subclavian
- axillary -> brachial -> radial, ulnar
- vertebral -> basilar -> PCA

38
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure?

A

AV valves open, ventricular filling starts

39
Q

Large diameter fibers that conduct the action potential from the apex to the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

40
Q

AKA sternocostal surface of the heart. what parts of the heart are part of this surface?

A

anterior
RA, RV -> mainly RV

41
Q

AKA diaphragmatic surface of the heart. what parts of the heart are part of this surface?

A

inferior
RV, LV -> mainly LV

42
Q

AKA posterior surface of the heart. what parts of the heart are part of this surface?

A

base
RA, LA -> mainly LA

43
Q

Small volume of blood that is not ejected during systole?

A

ESV (end systolic volume)

44
Q
A

BOARDS (20 decks)

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