cancer esofagian Flashcards

1
Q

neoplazii preinvazve

A

carcinom intraepitelial
displazie glandulara eputeliala
adk in situ pe mucoasa baret

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2
Q

neoplazii invazive

A

carcinom scuamos
-adenocrcinom
-carcinom adenoscuamos
-carcinom chistic adenois
-carcinom mucoepidermoid
-carcinom cu celule mici
-tumori caarcinoide

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3
Q

C scuamos-localizare

A

esofag sup si mijl

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4
Q

adk localizare

A

esofag inf

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5
Q

Cs incidenta

A

mai mare in africa,asia(>100/100.000 fata de europa de v si sua <10/100.000) B:F=3:1

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6
Q

adk incidenta

A

mai mare in europa de v si sua B:F=6:1

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7
Q

care e mai sensibil la radio si chimio

A

CS

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8
Q

cs factpri de risc

A

alcool(x9) tutun(x3-7), sex m, varsta
Dieta:
aport crecut de nitrati/nitrozamine;
Deficite vitaminice, consum de muraturi
Consum de bauturi si alimente fierbinti
Sindromul Plummer-Vinson
Acalazie netratata, stenoze post-caustice

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9
Q

adk factori de risc

A

Varsta – riscul creste cu varsta
Sexul masculin – raport B/F = 6/1
Obezitatea (IMC > 30; risc de 3-4x >)
Sindromul Barrett cu metaplazie
conditie premaligna, risc de 0,12-0,5 anual
metaplazia epiteliului pluristratificat esofagian cu epiteliu columnar
GERD(BRGE) (risc x 5), tratamentul antireflux previne ADK

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10
Q

epidemioloogie

A

Al 9-lea cancer ca frecventa in lume;
A 6-a cauza de deces prin cancer,
Prognostic infaust

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11
Q

CE-clinic

A

Cancerul esofagian precoce:
Asimptomatic

Cancerul esofagian avansat:
Disfagie cu caracter progresiv – solide, apoi lichide
Odinofagie (deglutitie dureroasa)
Durere retrosternala (invazie mediastinala)
Regurgitatii – pot determina simptome pulmonare
Senzatie de corp strain
Sughit – afectare diafragmatica
Hipersialoree
Tuse = fistula eso-traheo-bronsica, pneumonie de aspiratie
Disfonie = afectarea nervului laringian recurent
Dureri osoase = metastaze
Obiectiv: casexie, adenopatii latero-cervicale/ supraclaviculare

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12
Q

sanse de supravietuire

A

Supravietuirea la 5 ani este de peste 50% in stadiile incipiente comparativ cu mai putin de 30 % pentru stadiile avansate

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13
Q

clasificare in fct de stadializare

A

In raport cu invazia parietala si prezenta metastazelor ganglionare regionale, CE se subclasifica in:
Cancer esofagian precoce – definit histologic ca fiind limitat la mucoasa, fara metastaze ganglionare
Cancer esofagian local-avansat – indiferent de stadiul T, are metastaze ganglionare
Cancer esofagian metastatic

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14
Q

tipuri de endoscopie

A

A. Endoscopia diagnostica
Detecteaza tumora esofagiana + Biopsii
Morfologic
leziuni polipoid-vegetante
ulcerate
Infiltrativ-stenozante
B. Endoscopia terapeutica
Permite rezectia endoscopica – in cazul CE precoce

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15
Q

stadializarea tnm

A

t0,tis,
t1a-limitat la mucoasa\
t1b-submucoasa
t2-musculara
t3-seroasa
t4a-structuri adiacenete-rezecabila
t4b-nerezecabila
n0
n1-1-2
n2-3-6
n3-peste 7

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16
Q

diag diferential CE

A
  1. Tumori epiteliale benigne si maligne (papilom scuamos, melanom, tumori neuro-endocrine)
  2. Tumori non-epiteliale benigne (leiomiom, hemangiom, lipom, fibrom)
  3. Tumori non-epiteliale maligne (sarcom, limfom, carcinom metastatic)
17
Q

CE-complicatii

A

pneumonia de aspiratie-cea mai frecventa complicatie
fistule eso-bronsice/eso-traheala/eso-pleurala
Paralizia nervului recurent
Obstructie VCS (edem in pelerina, roseata extremitatii cefalice)
Perforatia esofagului cu mediastinita secundara
Hemoragii cu anemie secundara
Infectii
Denutritie severa

18
Q

CE-screening

A

Screeningul populational – justificat in regiunile cu incidenta crescuta, se realizeaza prin examen citologic
In celelalte zone – supravegherea endoscopica individuala a pacientilor cu risc crescut:
Fumat >25 tigari/zi
Asociere alcool-fumat
Achalazia cu evolutie > 20 de ani
Cancere din sfera ORL
Stenoza post-caustice (>40 de ani de evolutie)
Esofag Barrett la interval 3-5 ani

19
Q

CE-principii terapeutice

A

Principii terapeutice:
CE precoce
stadiul 0 (Tis = displazie de grad inalt; N0, M0) – tratament endoscopic
Stadiul I (T1 – tumora invadeaza lamina propria, musculara mucoasei, +/- submucoasa , N0 M0) – tratament chirurgical
CE avansat (II, III – orice T, orice N, fara M)
Regim terapeutic combinat
tratament chirurgical precedat de radio si chimioterapie
CE metastatic (IV – orice T, orice N, M1)
paliatie cu radio-chimioterapie;
paliatie endoscopica

20
Q

CE-chimio/radioterapie

A

Chimioterapia:
Neoadjuvanta/perioperatorie
Stadiul II si III – cu Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, Epirubicina
Raspuns mai favorabil in caz de adenocarcinom

Radio-chimioterapia (<50 Gray, 5 saptamani):
Iradiere externa toracica concomitent cu chimioterapie sistemica
Carcinom scuamos = radiosensibil, raspuns bun la radioterapie

21
Q

CE-tratament endoscopic

A

In scop curativ – in tumori esofagiene superficiale (fara invazia submucoasei- Tis)
Tehnici :
Rezectie endosopica mucosala (REM)
Disectie endoscopica submucosala (DES)
Ablatie prin radio-frecventa - permite tratarea unei arii largi de mucoasa patologica; se foloseste in esofagul Barrett cu displazie

In scop paliativ – stenturi; gastrostome;

22
Q

CE-trat chirurgical

A

Consta in rezectia tumorii prin esofagectomie cu anastomoza eso-gastrica/jejunala sau eso-colica + evidare ganglionara (mediastin si coronara gastrica)
Indicatii:
stadiul I – daca tratamentul endoscopic nu este posibil
stadiul II – precedat de radio-chimioterapie
stadiul III – pentru adenocarcinom se recomanda chimioterapie/radio-chimioterapie, urmate de interventie chirurgicala

23
Q

CE-supraveghere postinterventionala

A

Examen clinic – la 6 luni in primii 3 ani
Examene ORL, bronhoscopie – anual
Rezectie endoscopica – urmarire endoscopica stricta

24
Q

Tratament paliativ

A

Chirurgie paliativa- gastrostoma chirurgicala- amelioreaza disfagia

Radioterapie –pentru tumorile localizate in 1/3 superioara a esofagului

Endoprotezarea - cancere avansate, inoperabile, cu fistule sau stenoze

Dilatarea endoscopica

Injectarea intratumorala de diverse substante in scop ablativ

Tratament endoscopic cu laser/prin electrocoagulare

PEG

25
Q
A