Cancer and Hematology Flashcards
Which of the following are characteristics of benign tumor cells? SATA
A. Encapsulated
B. Proliferate rapidly
C. Compress nearby organs and cause damage
D. Cells look and may function as normal cells
E. infiltrate, invade and metastisize
Answers: A,C,D
Rationale: These are the characteristics of benign tumors, the other options would be indicative of a malignant tumor
Define oncogenesis
The transformation of normal cells to cancer cells
Define the steps seen in carcinogenesis
- Initiation
- Promotion
- Progression
Initiation: Damage to cell DNA (Where it starts)
Promotion: Tumor begins to develop
Progression: Proliferation and Angiogenesis
Define Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood blood vessels
Why does cancer need this?
Why do we stage cancer?
A. To diagnose the type of cancer present
B. To determine prognosis and treatment
C. To determine see where the cancer is
D. To determine what caused the cancer
Answer: B
Rationale: The purpose behind staging the cancer is to determine treatment and prognosis.
What are some possible manifestations of cancer? SATA
A. Effusions
B. Bleeding
C. Anorexia
D. Unexplained Fatigue
Answer: all of these are possible manifestations of cancer
Which of the following is not a goal of cancer treatment?
A. Palliation/Comfort care
B. Cure
C. Control
D. Proliferation
Answer: D
Rationale: Proliferation is the growth process of the disease. We want to minimize the growth and stop it if at all possible
What is the primary risk factor for colon and breast cancer?
A. Smoking
B. Poor Diet
C. Family History
D. UV Sunlight
Answer: C
Rationale: these specific cancers have a strong genetic connection. If you see a family history or BRCA gene with genetic testing, know that they are at an increased risk
Why is it important to understand the risk factors associated with cancer?
Because the best prognosis comes with early detection.
Where are all blood cells created?
Answer: the bone marrow
What body system will likely be affected with a WBC count that is out of range?
A. Clotting System
B. Immune System
C. Digestive System
D. Cardiovascular System
Answer: B
Rationale: WBCs primary role is in immune function. If we see a WBC lab out of range we focus on the immune system first?
What are possible CM you will see with Acute Leukemia? SATA
A. Increased energy levels B. Fever and night sweats C. Bone Pain D. Frequent infections E. Bleeding
Answer: B,C,D,E
Bonus Question: Why would we see each of these?
Which lymphoma has a higher survival rate?
A. Hodgkin’s
B. Non Hodgkin’s
Answer: A
WHY?
Which disease is associated with a cancer of the stem cells?
A. Primary Polycythemia Vera
B. Anemia
C. Sickle Cell Disease
D. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Answer: A
Rationale: This is an OVERGROWTH of all blood cells - remember that cancer is an overgrowth of cells.
Polycythemia = many blood cells
A patient with PPV is at increased risk for which of the following? SATA
A. Blood clots B. MI C. Hemorrhage D. Ischemic CVA E. GI Bleed
Answer: A,B,D
Rationale: Too many blood cells = RF increased clotting
What is the most common anemia worldwide?
A. Blood loss anemia
B. Iron deficiency anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Sickle Cell anemia
Answer: B
Which of the following patients are at an increased risk for blood loss anemia? SATA
A. Pt with a family history of anemia
B. Pt with a GSW to the abdomen
C. Pt with a heavy period
D. Pt with destroyed gastric mucosa
Answer: B,C
Rationale: Blood loss anemia is caused when a pt is losing blood faster than it can be produced.
What is the treatment for pernicious anemia?
A. Transfusion <7
B. Iron supplements
C. No treatment is necessary
D. Lifelong B12 injections
Answer: D
Which of the following patient diagnoses should be educated about reducing their risks for bleeding? SATA
A. Hemophilia
B. ITP
C. PPV
D. Lymphoma
Answer: A,B
Rationale: These are disorders of clotting and patients should be placed on bleeding precautions due to increased risk for blood loss
Place the chain of infection in order
A. Portal of entry B. Reservoir C. Susceptible host D. Mode of transmission E. Causative Agent F. Portal of exit
Answer: E,B,F,D,A,C
If a nurse contracts a MRSA off a keep board that was previously used by another nurse what is the mode of transmission?
A. Contact
B. Airborne
C. Vector
D. Vehicle
Answer: D
Rationale: There is no human to human contact and the transmissible device is non-living
Define acute vs chronic
Acute: short term
Chronic: long term
Which of the following patients is at an increased risk of developing nosocomial pneumonia?
A. Catheterized patient who is a stand by assist
B. Patient sedated and on a ventilator
C. Post op patient who is ambulating well
D. Patient with a central line in place receiving chemotherapy
Answer: B
Rationale: All patient’s are at risk of developing nosocomial infections, this patient has a tube in their lungs and is completely sedated in bed. You want to monitor for pneumonia closely
Bonus Q: What else is this patient at risk for developing?
