cancer a+p

Question 1

cell cycle

Answer 1

series of events that occur during growth and development of a cell
regulates duplication of genetic info
assures that the daughter cells are structurally identical to the parent cell

Question 2

G1

Answer 2

cell prepares to make DNA
RNA and protein synthesis and cell growth

Question 3

S

Answer 3

DNA synthesis
2 separate sets of chromosomes arise - one for each daughter cell

Question 4

cell cycle restriction point

Answer 4

chemo drugs are designed to attack cells that are proliferating rapidly
growth factor receptor inhibitors inhibit completion of restriction point so normal cells are prevented from proliferating and are thus protected from chemotherapy treatments, allowing normal cells to continue the cell cycle and killing cancer cells

Question 5

G2

Answer 5

dna synthesis ceases
cell prep for mitosis

Question 6

M

Answer 6

mitosis
cell actually divides

Question 7

G0

Answer 7

resting phase
not part of cell cycle
cell is not dividing
cells can remain in G0 for days, weeks, years

Question 8

cell division

Answer 8

not all cells divide at same rate
dont divide: neurons, skeletal muscle cells
divide slow: liver cells (1-2yr)
divide rapidly: GI epithelial (1-2x/day

Question 9

cell proliferation

Answer 9

process by which cells divide and reproduce
cells of body can be divided into 3 groups: undifferentiated stem cells, parent (“progenitor” cells), well differentiated cells

Question 10

undifferentiated stem cells

Answer 10

can be triggered to enter cell cycle and produce parent progenitor cells

Question 11

parent (“progenitor” cells)

Answer 11

continue dividing and reproducing
ex: blood cells, skin, liver

Question 12

well differentiated cells

Answer 12

dont normally divide and reproduce
ex: neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscle

Question 13

what affects cell proliferation

Answer 13

speed up: tissue injury, tissue loss
in some cases, normally repressed but it can be triggered under certain circumstances: repair of liver damage

Question 14

cell proliferation

Answer 14

3 basic properties:
intracellular control of proliferation
contact I
rate of cell proliferation

Question 15

intracellular control of proliferation

Answer 15

tells them when to regenerate
balance btw proliferation and degeneration
proliferation only when need for more cells to replace dead/dying

Question 16

contact I

Answer 16

respect boundaries
dont invade outside of own territory

Question 17

rate of cell proliferation

Answer 17

differs with cell type
rapid: hair follicles, bone marrow, epithelial GI
slow: cartilage, liver

Question 18

cell differentiation

Answer 18

process in which proliferating cells are transformed into different and more specialized cell types
completed = fully differentiated adult cell
on completion, each cell type will have specific structure, function, and life expectancy
more specialized = less likely to reproduce

Question 19

apoptosis

Answer 19

molecules on cells surface change
this allows healthy cells - macrophages - to recognize, engulf, and dismantle the dying cell before it falls apart

Question 20

stem cells

Answer 20

normally dormant
reserve units - jump into action when triggered by physiologic event
cancer cells are formed at some point during the differentiation process from a stem cell to adult cells